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 +Source : Croudace, I.W., Rothwell, R.G. (Eds.), 2015. Micro-XRF Studies of Sediment Cores, Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.
 +
 +
 ====Calcium (Ca)==== ====Calcium (Ca)====
 ===Origin=== ===Origin===
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 van et al. (2007); Rebolledo et al. (2008) van et al. (2007); Rebolledo et al. (2008)
 • Carbonate dissolution and dilution • Carbonate dissolution and dilution
-64 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace 
 • Bottom-water corrosiveness/alkalinity • Bottom-water corrosiveness/alkalinity
 • Oceanic water mass changes • Oceanic water mass changes
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 effects. Correlation of Ca/Fe excursions with κ anomalies, superimposed on long-term climate effects. Correlation of Ca/Fe excursions with κ anomalies, superimposed on long-term climate
 signals, may be potentially useful provenance tool (e.g. Peck et al. 2007) signals, may be potentially useful provenance tool (e.g. Peck et al. 2007)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 McGregor et al. (2009); Nizou et al. (2010); Rogerson et al. (2006b) McGregor et al. (2009); Nizou et al. (2010); Rogerson et al. (2006b)
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 • Core correlation • Core correlation
 Hanebuth and Lantzsch (2008); Pälike et al. (2001) Hanebuth and Lantzsch (2008); Pälike et al. (2001)
- 
  
 ====Ca/Ca+Fe==== ====Ca/Ca+Fe====
-Use: Ca/Ca+Fe used by Eisele et al. (2008) to characterise three cores from cold-water coralcovered +===Use=== 
-mound (Galway mound), Porcupine Seabight, SW of Ireland. Ca and Fe amounted to +Ca/Ca+Fe used by Eisele et al. (2008) to characterise three cores from cold-water coralcovered 
-> 90% of all XRF counts, so Ca/Ca+Fe useful benchmark for Ca and Fe. Ca/Ca+Fe showed+mound (Galway mound), Porcupine Seabight, SW of Ireland. Ca and Fe amounted to > 90% of all XRF counts, so Ca/Ca+Fe useful benchmark for Ca and Fe. Ca/Ca+Fe showed
 very similar patterns in all three cores allowing correlation and lithostratigraphic subdivision very similar patterns in all three cores allowing correlation and lithostratigraphic subdivision
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Core characterisation • Core characterisation
 • Core correlation • Core correlation
 Eisele et al. (2008) Eisele et al. (2008)
-Ca/Ti + 
-Use: Ca/Ti useful proxy for assessing relative changes in biogenic versus lithogenic sedimentation+====Ca/Ti==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ca/Ti useful proxy for assessing relative changes in biogenic versus lithogenic sedimentation
 and recording carbonate content (e.g. Piva et al. 2008). Advantage over Ca/Fe in that Ti and recording carbonate content (e.g. Piva et al. 2008). Advantage over Ca/Fe in that Ti
 is inert is inert
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 Ingram et al. (2010); Piva et al. (2008) Ingram et al. (2010); Piva et al. (2008)
 • Calcium carbonate content • Calcium carbonate content
 Piva et al. (2008) Piva et al. (2008)
-Ca/Al + 
-Use: Like Ca/Fe and Ca/Ti, Ca/Al represents the biogenic/detrital ratio so is a potential proxy+====Ca/Al==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Like Ca/Fe and Ca/Ti, Ca/Al represents the biogenic/detrital ratio so is a potential proxy
 for measuring changes in terrigenous sediment contribution, providing good Al data can be for measuring changes in terrigenous sediment contribution, providing good Al data can be
 acquired. Al counts affected by tube type, attenuation in air gap between detector and core surface, acquired. Al counts affected by tube type, attenuation in air gap between detector and core surface,
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 with a Cr tube, especially in current generation models. Al detection is good with AVAATECH with a Cr tube, especially in current generation models. Al detection is good with AVAATECH
 instrument and may be sufficient for normalisation instrument and may be sufficient for normalisation
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Data normalisation • Data normalisation
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
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 • Ocean water mass changes • Ocean water mass changes
 Jaccard et al. (2010) Jaccard et al. (2010)
-Ca/K + 
-Use: Ca is proxy for biogenic content and K can be used as proxy for its main mineralogical+====Ca/K==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ca is proxy for biogenic content and K can be used as proxy for its main mineralogical
 carrier illite, hence for example, providing potential to map changes in K-rich clay minerals carrier illite, hence for example, providing potential to map changes in K-rich clay minerals
 due to varying bottom current strength due to varying bottom current strength
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Changes in K-rich minerals (illite) • Changes in K-rich minerals (illite)
 • Current and water mass changes • Current and water mass changes
 Hebbeln et al. (2006) Hebbeln et al. (2006)
-Ca/Sr + 
-Use: Biogenic CaCO3 precipitated by coccoliths and foraminifers has greater Sr than inorganic+====Ca/Sr==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Biogenic CaCO3 precipitated by coccoliths and foraminifers has greater Sr than inorganic
 CaCO3 or dolomite. Hence Ca/Sr may rapidly detect IRD layers rich in detrital carbonate, CaCO3 or dolomite. Hence Ca/Sr may rapidly detect IRD layers rich in detrital carbonate,
 e.g. some Heinrich layers with larger Ca/Sr ratios when detrital carbonate content high and e.g. some Heinrich layers with larger Ca/Sr ratios when detrital carbonate content high and
 biogenic CaCO3 is low (Hodell et al. 2008) biogenic CaCO3 is low (Hodell et al. 2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Detection of detrital carbonate • Detection of detrital carbonate
 Hodell et al. (2008) Hodell et al. (2008)
-Strontium (Sr) + 
-Use: Sr is an alkaline earth metal fixed by calcifying organisms at same time as Ca. Hence Sr+====Strontium (Sr)==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Sr is an alkaline earth metal fixed by calcifying organisms at same time as Ca. Hence Sr
 is a marker for biogenic origin. As Ca can be supplied from terrigenous sources (e.g. feldspars is a marker for biogenic origin. As Ca can be supplied from terrigenous sources (e.g. feldspars
 and clays) co-variation of Ca and Sr suggests Ca mainly sourced from biogenic CaCO3. Sr is and clays) co-variation of Ca and Sr suggests Ca mainly sourced from biogenic CaCO3. Sr is
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 mounds (e.g. Richter et al. 2006). Sr is efficiently excited using Rh and Mo target tubes, so mounds (e.g. Richter et al. 2006). Sr is efficiently excited using Rh and Mo target tubes, so
 although frequently a trace element, it produces a good response although frequently a trace element, it produces a good response
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Discriminating types of carbonate rocks • Discriminating types of carbonate rocks
 Foubert and Henriet (2009); Richter et al. (2006) Foubert and Henriet (2009); Richter et al. (2006)
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 • Detection of inorganic aragonitic crusts • Detection of inorganic aragonitic crusts
 Arz et al. (2001b, 2003) Arz et al. (2001b, 2003)
-66 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace + 
-Sr/Ca +====Sr/Ca==== 
-Use: Sr/Ca has been used as proxy for aragonite, e.g. in onshore massive corals in Madagascar+===Use=== 
 +Sr/Ca has been used as proxy for aragonite, e.g. in onshore massive corals in Madagascar
 (Grove et al. 2010).Thomson et al. (2006) used Sr/Ca as proxy for aragonite formed due (Grove et al. 2010).Thomson et al. (2006) used Sr/Ca as proxy for aragonite formed due
 to alkalinity from sulphate reduction within sapropels in E Mediterranean cores. Higher Sr/ to alkalinity from sulphate reduction within sapropels in E Mediterranean cores. Higher Sr/
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 may be texturally-related artefact considering reports that pteropod shells in E Mediterranean may be texturally-related artefact considering reports that pteropod shells in E Mediterranean
 are low-Sr aragonite (Krinsley and Bieri 1959; Kinsman 1969; Rutten et al. 2000) are low-Sr aragonite (Krinsley and Bieri 1959; Kinsman 1969; Rutten et al. 2000)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Proxy for aragonite • Proxy for aragonite
 Grove et al. (2010); Thomson et al. (2006) Grove et al. (2010); Thomson et al. (2006)
 • Pteropod abundance • Pteropod abundance
 Krinsley and Bieri (1959); Rothwell et al. (2006) Krinsley and Bieri (1959); Rothwell et al. (2006)
-Iron (Fe) + 
-Origin: Fe is the most common element (by mass) on Earth, forming much of outer and inner+====Iron (Fe)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Fe is the most common element (by mass) on Earth, forming much of outer and inner
 core and fourth most abundant element in the crust, after O, Si and Al. Most Fe in the crust core and fourth most abundant element in the crust, after O, Si and Al. Most Fe in the crust
 is combined with O as Fe oxide minerals like haematite and magnetite. In marine sediments, is combined with O as Fe oxide minerals like haematite and magnetite. In marine sediments,
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 density. Fe (and Ti) can thus be used as negative indices of surface productivity (e.g. Agnihotri density. Fe (and Ti) can thus be used as negative indices of surface productivity (e.g. Agnihotri
 et al. 2008) et al. 2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
-Table 2.6 (continued) 
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 67 
-Table 2.6 (continued) 
 Andres et al. (2003); Arz et al. (1998, 1999, 2001b, 2003); Behling et al. (2000); Bozzano Andres et al. (2003); Arz et al. (1998, 1999, 2001b, 2003); Behling et al. (2000); Bozzano
 et al. (2002); Foubert and Henriet (2009); Gil et al. (2006); Grützner et al. (2003, 2005); et al. (2002); Foubert and Henriet (2009); Gil et al. (2006); Grützner et al. (2003, 2005);
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 • Redox conditions • Redox conditions
 Rothwell et al. (2006); Seeberg-Elverfeldt et al. (2005); Sluijs et al. (2008, 2009) Rothwell et al. (2006); Seeberg-Elverfeldt et al. (2005); Sluijs et al. (2008, 2009)
-Fe/Ca + 
-Use: Fe and Ca commonly anti-correlate and Fe/Ca quantifies relative proportions of terrigenous+====Fe/Ca==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Fe and Ca commonly anti-correlate and Fe/Ca quantifies relative proportions of terrigenous
 fluxes versus marine carbonate, often related to climatic forcing (e.g. Adegbie et al. 2003; fluxes versus marine carbonate, often related to climatic forcing (e.g. Adegbie et al. 2003;
 Dickson et al. 2010; Rogerson et al. 2006a). Bond et al. (1993) and Bond and Lotti (1995) note Dickson et al. 2010; Rogerson et al. 2006a). Bond et al. (1993) and Bond and Lotti (1995) note
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 et al. 1993; Johnsen et al. 1992) implying direct climatic correspondence of N hemisphere low et al. 1993; Johnsen et al. 1992) implying direct climatic correspondence of N hemisphere low
 and high latitudes and high latitudes
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Climatic variability • Climatic variability
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 Adegbie et al. (2003); Dickson et al. (2010); Rogerson et al. (2006a) Adegbie et al. (2003); Dickson et al. (2010); Rogerson et al. (2006a)
-Fe/Si + 
-Use: A rarely used ratio, but used as proxy for terrigenous influx in Neogene sediments from+====Fe/Si==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +A rarely used ratio, but used as proxy for terrigenous influx in Neogene sediments from
 Ross Sea, Antarctica (Konfirst et al. 2011). Low Fe/Si suggested open marine setting dominated Ross Sea, Antarctica (Konfirst et al. 2011). Low Fe/Si suggested open marine setting dominated
 by deposition of diatoms. Transient peaks in Fe/Si correlated with volcanic sands and by deposition of diatoms. Transient peaks in Fe/Si correlated with volcanic sands and
 iron-rich carbonate layers containing authigenic pyrite iron-rich carbonate layers containing authigenic pyrite
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Terrigenous flux to siliceous pelagic sediments • Terrigenous flux to siliceous pelagic sediments
 Konfirst et al. (2011) Konfirst et al. (2011)
-Fe/Al + 
-Use: Slightly elevated Fe/Al associated with low Si/Al and Ti/Al during PETM at IODP Site+====Fe/Al==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Slightly elevated Fe/Al associated with low Si/Al and Ti/Al during PETM at IODP Site
 M0004 (Lomonosov Ridge) interpreted as possibly indicating more intense weathering (Sluijs M0004 (Lomonosov Ridge) interpreted as possibly indicating more intense weathering (Sluijs
 et al. 2008). Elevated Fe/Al (with high S, TOC and framboidal pyrite) interpreted as indicating et al. 2008). Elevated Fe/Al (with high S, TOC and framboidal pyrite) interpreted as indicating
 anoxic bottom waters by Spofforth et al. (2008) anoxic bottom waters by Spofforth et al. (2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Weathering intensity • Weathering intensity
-68 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace 
-Table 2.6 (continued) 
 Sluijs et al. (2008) Sluijs et al. (2008)
 • Bottom-water anoxia • Bottom-water anoxia
 Spofforth et al. (2008) Spofforth et al. (2008)
-Fe/K + 
-Use: Fe and K are both terrigenous indicators and Fe/K has been used in provenance and+====Fe/K==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Fe and K are both terrigenous indicators and Fe/K has been used in provenance and
 climate studies (e.g. Kuijpers et al. 2003). Fe/K values in atmospheric Saharan dust samples climate studies (e.g. Kuijpers et al. 2003). Fe/K values in atmospheric Saharan dust samples
 increase towards the equator (Stuut et al. 2005). Hence increasing amounts of dust from deeply increase towards the equator (Stuut et al. 2005). Hence increasing amounts of dust from deeply
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 et al. 1984) sharp decrease of Fe/K values indicated abrupt onset of arid conditions (Zarriess et al. 1984) sharp decrease of Fe/K values indicated abrupt onset of arid conditions (Zarriess
 and Mackensen 2010). Fe/K thus considered indicative of continental rainfall and Mackensen 2010). Fe/K thus considered indicative of continental rainfall
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 • Climate variability • Climate variability
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 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 Kuijpers et al. (2003); Zarriess et al. (2011); Zarriess and Mackensen (2010) Kuijpers et al. (2003); Zarriess et al. (2011); Zarriess and Mackensen (2010)
-Fe/κ + 
-Use: Fe/magnetic susceptibility (κ) is a sensitive proxy for magnetite diagenesis and Fe reduction+====Fe/K==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Fe/magnetic susceptibility (κ) is a sensitive proxy for magnetite diagenesis and Fe reduction
 (Funk et al. 2004b; Hepp et al. 2009; Hofmann and Fabian 2007; Land et al. 2011). Fe (Funk et al. 2004b; Hepp et al. 2009; Hofmann and Fabian 2007; Land et al. 2011). Fe
 reduction may result in significant magnetic susceptibility signal loss, and zones of enhanced reduction may result in significant magnetic susceptibility signal loss, and zones of enhanced
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 in carbonate mounds (Land et al. 2011). Fe and κ have also been used to identify distinct environmentally in carbonate mounds (Land et al. 2011). Fe and κ have also been used to identify distinct environmentally
 significant clusters in cores (Itambi et al. 2009) significant clusters in cores (Itambi et al. 2009)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Iron diagenesis • Iron diagenesis
 Funk et al. (2004b); Hepp et al. (2009); Hofmann and Fabian (2007); Land et al. (2011) Funk et al. (2004b); Hepp et al. (2009); Hofmann and Fabian (2007); Land et al. (2011)
 • Sediment transport • Sediment transport
 Itambi et al. (2009) Itambi et al. (2009)
-Fe/Ti + 
-Use: Fe/Ti is used as a proxy for diagenetic iron enrichment (Blanchet et al. 2009; Funk et al.+====Fe/Ti==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Fe/Ti is used as a proxy for diagenetic iron enrichment (Blanchet et al. 2009; Funk et al.
 2004a; Hepp et al. 2009; Land et al. 2011) and for excess Fe over basaltic lithogenic values, 2004a; Hepp et al. 2009; Land et al. 2011) and for excess Fe over basaltic lithogenic values,
 with high values suggesting additional sources of Fe-rich material (Marsh et al. 2007). Log with high values suggesting additional sources of Fe-rich material (Marsh et al. 2007). Log
 ratios of Fe and Ti over Ca have been used to account for dilution by carbonate and non-linearities ratios of Fe and Ti over Ca have been used to account for dilution by carbonate and non-linearities
 between XRF counts and elemental concentrations (Rincón‐Martínez et al. 2010) between XRF counts and elemental concentrations (Rincón‐Martínez et al. 2010)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Iron diagenesis • Iron diagenesis
 Blanchet et al. (2007); Funk et al. (2004b); Hepp et al. (2009); Land et al. (2011) Blanchet et al. (2007); Funk et al. (2004b); Hepp et al. (2009); Land et al. (2011)
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 • Carbonate dilution • Carbonate dilution
 Marsh et al. (2007); Rincón‐Martínez et al. (2010) Marsh et al. (2007); Rincón‐Martínez et al. (2010)
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 69 + 
-Table 2.6 (continued) +====Fe/Zr====
-Fe/Zr+
 Use: Fe/Zr has been used in cores off Mauritania as a proxy for rainfall in the Saharan hinterland Use: Fe/Zr has been used in cores off Mauritania as a proxy for rainfall in the Saharan hinterland
 (Hanebuth and Lantzsch 2008). Although Zr could not be linked to a specific climatic (Hanebuth and Lantzsch 2008). Although Zr could not be linked to a specific climatic
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 representing relative enrichment of Zr, occurred at times of aridity, with high values during representing relative enrichment of Zr, occurred at times of aridity, with high values during
 more humid conditions more humid conditions
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 Hanebuth and Lantzsch (2008) Hanebuth and Lantzsch (2008)
-Fe/Rb + 
-Use: Fe/Rb has been used for Fe normalisation in absence of good Al data (Rothwell et al.+====Fe/Rb==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Fe/Rb has been used for Fe normalisation in absence of good Al data (Rothwell et al.
 2006). Fe/Rb showed grain-size fractionation effects within turbidites and evidence for diagenetic 2006). Fe/Rb showed grain-size fractionation effects within turbidites and evidence for diagenetic
 Fe mobilisation within oxidised upper parts of turbidites. Increased Rb within turbidite Fe mobilisation within oxidised upper parts of turbidites. Increased Rb within turbidite
 muds reflected greater clay contribution to sediment muds reflected greater clay contribution to sediment
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Textural character • Textural character
 • Iron diagenesis • Iron diagenesis
 • Clay content • Clay content
 Rothwell et al. (2006) Rothwell et al. (2006)
-Aluminium (Al) + 
-Origin: Al is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust and third most abundant element,+====Aluminium (Al)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Al is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust and third most abundant element,
 after O and Si, but too reactive to be found pure, and is instead found as oxides and silicates. after O and Si, but too reactive to be found pure, and is instead found as oxides and silicates.
 Aluminosilicates are a major component of kaolin (one of the most common minerals), other Aluminosilicates are a major component of kaolin (one of the most common minerals), other
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 beryl, garnet, spinel, and turquoise. Weathering of low Fe and SiO2 bedrock in tropical beryl, garnet, spinel, and turquoise. Weathering of low Fe and SiO2 bedrock in tropical
 climates results in high-alumina clays climates results in high-alumina clays
-Use: Al and Fe have been used as fluvial proxies (Nizou et al. 2011). In this study, Al was+===Use=== 
 +Al and Fe have been used as fluvial proxies (Nizou et al. 2011). In this study, Al was
 preferred for palaeoclimatic analysis due to potential Fe mobility preferred for palaeoclimatic analysis due to potential Fe mobility
 Limitations: Al is routinely used for normalisation of WD-XRF data, but its closeness to core Limitations: Al is routinely used for normalisation of WD-XRF data, but its closeness to core
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 Diatoms actively uptake and accumulate Al, so it cannot be used to normalise Ti in diatomaceous Diatoms actively uptake and accumulate Al, so it cannot be used to normalise Ti in diatomaceous
 sediments (Bennekom et al. 1989; Moran and Moore 1992) sediments (Bennekom et al. 1989; Moran and Moore 1992)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment transport • Sediment transport
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
 Nizou et al. (2011) Nizou et al. (2011)
-Al/Si + 
-Use: Al/Si has been used as a proxy for chemical weathering and as a measure of relative+====Al/Si==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Al/Si has been used as a proxy for chemical weathering and as a measure of relative
 proportion of clays compared to quartz sand (Hoang et al. 2010). Clays are rich in Al and proportion of clays compared to quartz sand (Hoang et al. 2010). Clays are rich in Al and
 this proxy has the advantage of not being affected by large amounts of biogenic carbonate. this proxy has the advantage of not being affected by large amounts of biogenic carbonate.
 Decreases in Al/Si signified less chemical weathering Decreases in Al/Si signified less chemical weathering
-70 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace +===Applications and literature===
-Table 2.6 (continued) +
-Applications and literature+
 • Weathering intensity • Weathering intensity
 • Weathering processes • Weathering processes
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 • Clay content • Clay content
 Hoang et al. (2010) Hoang et al. (2010)
-Al/Ca + 
-Use: Al/Ca used to record terrigenous flux off NW Africa (Nizou et al. 2010, 2011) with low+====Al/Ca==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Al/Ca used to record terrigenous flux off NW Africa (Nizou et al. 2010, 2011) with low
 Al/Ca values interpreted as low river discharge indicating hinterland aridity and high Al/ Al/Ca values interpreted as low river discharge indicating hinterland aridity and high Al/
 Ca values reflecting humid hinterland phases, use supported by palynological records. To Ca values reflecting humid hinterland phases, use supported by palynological records. To
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 Al/Ca. When both Al/Ca and Fe/Ca are available, authors conclude Al/Ca is more suitable for Al/Ca. When both Al/Ca and Fe/Ca are available, authors conclude Al/Ca is more suitable for
 recording river runoff as Al is non-mobile recording river runoff as Al is non-mobile
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
 Nizou et al. (2010, 2011) Nizou et al. (2010, 2011)
-Silicon (Si) + 
-Origin: Measured by mass, Si makes up 27.7 % of Earth’s crust and is the second most abundant+====Silicon (Si)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Measured by mass, Si makes up 27.7 % of Earth’s crust and is the second most abundant
 element, only O having greater abundance. Si is usually found as complex silicate minerals element, only O having greater abundance. Si is usually found as complex silicate minerals
 and less often as quartz (SiO2) a major component of sand and silt derived through physical and less often as quartz (SiO2) a major component of sand and silt derived through physical
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 some scolecodonts (polychaete worm jaws) and sponge spicules. Normalisation using a some scolecodonts (polychaete worm jaws) and sponge spicules. Normalisation using a
 detrital divisor can distinguish terrigenous or productivity origin detrital divisor can distinguish terrigenous or productivity origin
-Use: Like Fe and Ti, Si used as a proxy for terrigenous sediment delivery (Blanchet et al.+===Use=== 
 +Like Fe and Ti, Si used as a proxy for terrigenous sediment delivery (Blanchet et al.
 2007; Kleiven et al. 2007) or in provenance studies, e.g. turbidite sources (Frenz et al. 2009). 2007; Kleiven et al. 2007) or in provenance studies, e.g. turbidite sources (Frenz et al. 2009).
 Si profile shape may give information on textural character of coarse-grained turbidites, e.g. Si profile shape may give information on textural character of coarse-grained turbidites, e.g.
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 • Provenance studies • Provenance studies
 Frenz et al. (2009) Frenz et al. (2009)
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 71 + 
-Table 2.6 (continued) +====Si/Ti==== 
-Si/Ti +===Use=== 
-Use: Si/Ti used as a proxy for siliceous productivity (Agnihotri et al. 2008; Marsh et al. 2007) +Si/Ti used as a proxy for siliceous productivity (Agnihotri et al. 2008; Marsh et al. 2007) 
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Siliceous productivity • Siliceous productivity
 Agnihotri et al. (2008); Marsh et al. (2007) Agnihotri et al. (2008); Marsh et al. (2007)
-Si/Ca + 
-Use: Si as a representative terrigenous element has been ratioed with Ca to record aeolian dust+====Si/Ca==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Si as a representative terrigenous element has been ratioed with Ca to record aeolian dust
 supply (Hanebuth and Henrich 2009) supply (Hanebuth and Henrich 2009)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 Hanebuth and Henrich (2009) Hanebuth and Henrich (2009)
-Si/Sr + 
-Use: Si/Sr used to identify layers poor in biogenic carbonate and relatively rich in detrital silicates+====Si/Sr==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Si/Sr used to identify layers poor in biogenic carbonate and relatively rich in detrital silicates
 (quartz, feldspar etc.), such as ice-rafted debris layers (Hodell et al. 2008). In this study, (quartz, feldspar etc.), such as ice-rafted debris layers (Hodell et al. 2008). In this study,
 Si/Sr peaks correlated with lows in bulk carbonate ∂18O, probably representing lower biogenic Si/Sr peaks correlated with lows in bulk carbonate ∂18O, probably representing lower biogenic
 carbonate productivity and/or increased delivery of IRD rich in silicate minerals carbonate productivity and/or increased delivery of IRD rich in silicate minerals
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Detection of ice-rafted-debris • Detection of ice-rafted-debris
 • Oceanic productivity • Oceanic productivity
 Hodell et al. (2008) Hodell et al. (2008)
-Si/Al + 
-Use: Si/Al used as proxy for wind strength (Itambi et al. 2009; Revel et al. 2010) with high+====Si/Al==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Si/Al used as proxy for wind strength (Itambi et al. 2009; Revel et al. 2010) with high
 values indicating high aeolian flux, and as a proxy for biogenic production (Dickson et al. values indicating high aeolian flux, and as a proxy for biogenic production (Dickson et al.
 2010). In one study used to infer weathering intensity (Sluijs et al. 2008). Si/Al considered a 2010). In one study used to infer weathering intensity (Sluijs et al. 2008). Si/Al considered a
 proxy for changes in aluminosilicate composition by Tisserand et al. (2009) proxy for changes in aluminosilicate composition by Tisserand et al. (2009)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 Itambi et al. (2009); Revel et al. (2010) Itambi et al. (2009); Revel et al. (2010)
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 • Aluminosilicate composition • Aluminosilicate composition
 Tisserand et al. (2009) Tisserand et al. (2009)
-Titanium (Ti) + 
-Origin: Ti is conservative element that generally varies directly with the coarse-grained terrigenous+====Titanium (Ti)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Ti is conservative element that generally varies directly with the coarse-grained terrigenous
 fraction. A common constituent of rocks, such as gneisses or schists, it primarily fraction. A common constituent of rocks, such as gneisses or schists, it primarily
 indicates a terrigenous continental source. Ti predominatly occurs as the sortable heavy mineral indicates a terrigenous continental source. Ti predominatly occurs as the sortable heavy mineral
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 as laterites and bauxites. Ti not affected by diagenetic overprinting or involved in biological as laterites and bauxites. Ti not affected by diagenetic overprinting or involved in biological
 processes and therefore represents allochthonous minerogenic input processes and therefore represents allochthonous minerogenic input
-72 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace +===Use=== 
-Table 2.6 (continued) +Ti is widely used to record terrigenous sediment delivery, particularly through runoff, and
-Use: Ti is widely used to record terrigenous sediment delivery, particularly through runoff, and+
 hence assess hinterland climate, particularly rainfall (e.g. Haug et al. 2001, 2003; Kissel et al. hence assess hinterland climate, particularly rainfall (e.g. Haug et al. 2001, 2003; Kissel et al.
 2010; Peterson et al. 2000 and others). It commonly co-varies with Fe, but is arguably a better 2010; Peterson et al. 2000 and others). It commonly co-varies with Fe, but is arguably a better
Ligne 451: Ligne 488:
 compaction and dilution by higher water content. Ti also likely to vary with grain size, as it is compaction and dilution by higher water content. Ti also likely to vary with grain size, as it is
 typically concentrated in coarser grain-sizes typically concentrated in coarser grain-sizes
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
Ligne 465: Ligne 502:
 • Recording ice melting • Recording ice melting
 Backman et al. (2008); Jaccard et al. (2009); Solignac et al. (2011) Backman et al. (2008); Jaccard et al. (2009); Solignac et al. (2011)
-Ti/Ca + 
-Use: Ti/Ca records relative variation of terrigenous input and marine carbonate (e.g. Bahr+====Ti/Ca==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ti/Ca records relative variation of terrigenous input and marine carbonate (e.g. Bahr
 et al. 2005, 2008; Hoang et al. 2010). It has been used to record changes from fluvial to marine et al. 2005, 2008; Hoang et al. 2010). It has been used to record changes from fluvial to marine
 deposits, for example, in incised-valley-fill sediments (Tjallingii et al. 2010). It has also been deposits, for example, in incised-valley-fill sediments (Tjallingii et al. 2010). It has also been
Ligne 476: Ligne 515:
 of regional chronologies (e.g. for the Black Sea, a sensitive recorder of past climate of regional chronologies (e.g. for the Black Sea, a sensitive recorder of past climate
 change) by tuning to climate reference records (Soulet et al. 2011) change) by tuning to climate reference records (Soulet et al. 2011)
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 73 +===Applications and literature===
-Table 2.6 (continued) +
-Applications and literature+
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Identification of freshwater/marine transitions • Identification of freshwater/marine transitions
Ligne 492: Ligne 529:
 • Constructing chronology • Constructing chronology
 Bourget et al. (2008); Soulet et al. (2011) Bourget et al. (2008); Soulet et al. (2011)
-Ti/Al + 
-Use: Ti/Al used as proxy for aeolian dust flux/wind strength, hence hinterland aridity (Itambi+====Ti/Al==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ti/Al used as proxy for aeolian dust flux/wind strength, hence hinterland aridity (Itambi
 et al. 2009; Jullien et al. 2007; Tisserand et al. 2009). Jiménez-Espejo et al. (2007a) used average et al. 2009; Jullien et al. 2007; Tisserand et al. 2009). Jiménez-Espejo et al. (2007a) used average
 concentration of Ti in Pleistocene cores from ODP Site 975 (Balearic Abyssal Plain, W concentration of Ti in Pleistocene cores from ODP Site 975 (Balearic Abyssal Plain, W
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 modulated (e.g. Ziegler et al. 2009). More intense weathering has also been inferred from modulated (e.g. Ziegler et al. 2009). More intense weathering has also been inferred from
 low Ti/Al values (Sluijs et al. 2008) low Ti/Al values (Sluijs et al. 2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
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 • Weathering intensity • Weathering intensity
 Sluijs et al. (2008); Ziegler et al. (2009) Sluijs et al. (2008); Ziegler et al. (2009)
-Ti/K + 
-Use: Ti/K mainly used to infer variations in sediment source (Siani et al. 2010; Spofforth et al.+====Ti/K==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ti/K mainly used to infer variations in sediment source (Siani et al. 2010; Spofforth et al.
 2008) and identify ice-rafted-debris (Prins et al. 2001). Ti/K also used for core correlation by 2008) and identify ice-rafted-debris (Prins et al. 2001). Ti/K also used for core correlation by
 Brendryen et al. (2010). In Nordic Seas, Ti/K shows a correlation with magnetic susceptibility Brendryen et al. (2010). In Nordic Seas, Ti/K shows a correlation with magnetic susceptibility
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 Iceland-Scotland Ridge by bottom currents dependant on inflow of Atlantic water to Nordic Iceland-Scotland Ridge by bottom currents dependant on inflow of Atlantic water to Nordic
 Seas Seas
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Siani et al. (2010); Spofforth et al. (2008) Siani et al. (2010); Spofforth et al. (2008)
-74 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace 
-Table 2.6 (continued) 
 • Detection of ice-rafted-debris • Detection of ice-rafted-debris
 Prins et al. (2001) Prins et al. (2001)
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 • Current and water mass changes • Current and water mass changes
 Brendryen et al. (2010) Brendryen et al. (2010)
-Ti/Fe + 
-Use: Ti/Fe used as proxy for wind strength/hinterland aridity (Zarriess and Mackensen 2010).+====Ti/Fe==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ti/Fe used as proxy for wind strength/hinterland aridity (Zarriess and Mackensen 2010).
 As an element of heavy minerals (e.g. rutile), Ti is transported dominantly in Saharan dust, As an element of heavy minerals (e.g. rutile), Ti is transported dominantly in Saharan dust,
 so its concentration reflects wind intensity off NW Africa (Schütz and Rahn 1982). Ti/Fe also so its concentration reflects wind intensity off NW Africa (Schütz and Rahn 1982). Ti/Fe also
 used as a provenance indicator to discriminate material from local volcanic sources (Konfirst used as a provenance indicator to discriminate material from local volcanic sources (Konfirst
 et al. 2011) et al. 2011)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
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 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Konfirst et al. (2011) Konfirst et al. (2011)
-Ti/Rb + 
-Use: Ti/Rb used to show enhanced heavy resistate minerals in turbidite bases (Rothwell et al.+====Ti/Rb==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ti/Rb used to show enhanced heavy resistate minerals in turbidite bases (Rothwell et al.
 2006) 2006)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Presence of heavy minerals • Presence of heavy minerals
 Rothwell et al. (2006) Rothwell et al. (2006)
-Ti/Sr + 
-Use: Ti/Sr used to measure terrigenous versus biogenic sediment contribution and climatic+====Ti/Sr==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ti/Sr used to measure terrigenous versus biogenic sediment contribution and climatic
 modulation of supply (Zaragosi et al. 2006) modulation of supply (Zaragosi et al. 2006)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Climate variability • Climate variability
 Zaragosi et al. (2006) Zaragosi et al. (2006)
-κ/Ti + 
-Use: κ/Ti used as proxy for authigenesis in cores from summits of carbonate mounds in Rockall+====K/Ti==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +K/Ti used as proxy for authigenesis in cores from summits of carbonate mounds in Rockall
 Trough, NE Atlantic (Land et al. 2011). A zone of Fe and Mn enrichments showed low κ/Ti Trough, NE Atlantic (Land et al. 2011). A zone of Fe and Mn enrichments showed low κ/Ti
 and high Fe/κ, interpreted as resulting from dissolution of magnetic minerals and high Fe/κ, interpreted as resulting from dissolution of magnetic minerals
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Iron and manganese diagenesis • Iron and manganese diagenesis
 • Authigenesis • Authigenesis
 Land et al. (2011) Land et al. (2011)
-Zirconium (Zr) + 
-Origin: Zr mainly occurs in zircon (ZrSiO4), a dense resistant mineral, ubiquitous in the crust+====Zirconium (Zr)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Zr mainly occurs in zircon (ZrSiO4), a dense resistant mineral, ubiquitous in the crust
 and occurring in igneous rocks as primary crystallisation products and in sediments as detrital and occurring in igneous rocks as primary crystallisation products and in sediments as detrital
 grains. Zircons tend to maintain their original morphology during weathering and transport, grains. Zircons tend to maintain their original morphology during weathering and transport,
 and are usually enriched in coarse sediment fractions and are usually enriched in coarse sediment fractions
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 75 +===Use=== 
-Table 2.6 (continued) +Zr may be high in ash layers. Ash layers with low Ti and high Zr composition point to an
-Use: Zr may be high in ash layers. Ash layers with low Ti and high Zr composition point to an+
 alkaline magma type (Westerhold et al. 2009) alkaline magma type (Westerhold et al. 2009)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Identification of tephras • Identification of tephras
 Westerhold et al. (2009) Westerhold et al. (2009)
-Zr/Ti + 
-Use: Marsh et al. (2007) found Zr/Ti in cores around Crozet Plateau, S Indian Ocean, was+====Zr/Ti==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Marsh et al. (2007) found Zr/Ti in cores around Crozet Plateau, S Indian Ocean, was
 provenance sensitive with high values indicating input of volcanic material from Crozet Island provenance sensitive with high values indicating input of volcanic material from Crozet Island
 via sediment gravity flows via sediment gravity flows
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Marsh et al. (2007) Marsh et al. (2007)
-Zr/Rb + 
-Use: Zr/Rb provides a grain-size proxy as Zr resides mainly in coarser grains and Rb in clays.+====Zr/Rb==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Zr/Rb provides a grain-size proxy as Zr resides mainly in coarser grains and Rb in clays.
 Has been used to reconstruct river flood histories, as floods carry greater coarse-grain sediment Has been used to reconstruct river flood histories, as floods carry greater coarse-grain sediment
 loads, hence Zr/Rb increases in flood events (e.g. Wang et al. 2011). The higher the Zr/Rb loads, hence Zr/Rb increases in flood events (e.g. Wang et al. 2011). The higher the Zr/Rb
 peaks, the greater number of coarse particles deposited by saltation processes. Zr/Rb has also peaks, the greater number of coarse particles deposited by saltation processes. Zr/Rb has also
 been used as a winter monsoon proxy (Liu et al. 2002) been used as a winter monsoon proxy (Liu et al. 2002)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 Liu et al. (2002); Wang et al. (2011) Liu et al. (2002); Wang et al. (2011)
-Zr/Sr + 
-Use: Hodell et al. (2010) used Zr/Sr as IRD proxy in core from Garder Drift, Reykjanes Ridge,+====Zr/Sr==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Hodell et al. (2010) used Zr/Sr as IRD proxy in core from Garder Drift, Reykjanes Ridge,
 N Atlantic N Atlantic
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Detection of ice-rafted-debris • Detection of ice-rafted-debris
 Hodell et al. (2010) Hodell et al. (2010)
-Zr/Fe + 
-Use: Zr/Fe used to discriminate sediment supply from local volcanic sources (Konfirst et al.+====Zr/Fe==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Zr/Fe used to discriminate sediment supply from local volcanic sources (Konfirst et al.
 2011) 2011)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Konfirst et al. (2011) Konfirst et al. (2011)
-Manganese (Mn) + 
-Origin: Mn makes up ~1000 ppm of the Earth’s crust, making it the 12th most abundant crustal+====Manganese (Mn)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Mn makes up ~1000 ppm of the Earth’s crust, making it the 12th most abundant crustal
 element (Emsley 2001). Mn-bearing minerals not uncommon, occurring as oxides, silicates element (Emsley 2001). Mn-bearing minerals not uncommon, occurring as oxides, silicates
 and carbonates, with pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) the most common. Most and carbonates, with pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) the most common. Most
Ligne 611: Ligne 669:
 undergo substantial alteration during early diagenesis. Mn-rich crusts commonly cover rocky undergo substantial alteration during early diagenesis. Mn-rich crusts commonly cover rocky
 outcrops and Mn polymetallic nodules cover substantial areas of seafloor. Microscopic Mn outcrops and Mn polymetallic nodules cover substantial areas of seafloor. Microscopic Mn
-micronodules are widely distributed in marine sediments +===Use=== 
-76 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace +Highly redox-sensitive, Mn has been used in wide range of diagenetic and process
-Use: Highly redox-sensitive, Mn has been used in wide range of diagenetic and process+
 studies. Covariance with other redox-sensitive or detrital elements may indicate potential Mn studies. Covariance with other redox-sensitive or detrital elements may indicate potential Mn
 sources. Pervasive Mn enrichment occurs in central Arctic Ocean sediments during interglacials sources. Pervasive Mn enrichment occurs in central Arctic Ocean sediments during interglacials
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 sediments of Shaban Deep (Red Sea), previously linked to collapse of the Akkadian empire sediments of Shaban Deep (Red Sea), previously linked to collapse of the Akkadian empire
 (Weiss et al. 1993) (Weiss et al. 1993)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 • Climate variability • Climate variability
 Arz et al. (2006); Löwemark et al. (2008); O’Regan et al. (2010) Arz et al. (2006); Löwemark et al. (2008); O’Regan et al. (2010)
-Mn/Fe + 
-Use: Mn/Fe used to assess redox conditions as Mn is mobile under sub-oxic conditions and+====Mn/Fe==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Mn/Fe used to assess redox conditions as Mn is mobile under sub-oxic conditions and
 separates from Fe during diagenesis (Marsh et al. 2007). Constant Mn/Fe ratios indicate oxic separates from Fe during diagenesis (Marsh et al. 2007). Constant Mn/Fe ratios indicate oxic
 conditions and no element fractionation. Mn/Fe peaks occur during suboxic diagenesis when conditions and no element fractionation. Mn/Fe peaks occur during suboxic diagenesis when
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 boundary. Non-steady state diagenesis such as oxic burn-down through turbidites leads to Mn/ boundary. Non-steady state diagenesis such as oxic burn-down through turbidites leads to Mn/
 Fe peak formation (Thomson et al. 1993) Fe peak formation (Thomson et al. 1993)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 • Redox conditions • Redox conditions
 Marsh et al. (2007) Marsh et al. (2007)
-Mn/Ti + 
-Use: Mn/Ti used to document diagenetic relocations and Mn enrichment (e.g. Land et al.+====Mn/Ti==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Mn/Ti used to document diagenetic relocations and Mn enrichment (e.g. Land et al.
 2011). Mn/Ti (and Fe/κ) used by Hepp et al. (2009) to document late Miocene-early Pliocene 2011). Mn/Ti (and Fe/κ) used by Hepp et al. (2009) to document late Miocene-early Pliocene
 Antarctic deepwater record of repeated Fe reduction events, resulting in significant losses of Antarctic deepwater record of repeated Fe reduction events, resulting in significant losses of
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 Mn/Ti also used to determine extent of post-depositional oxidation of Eastern Mediterranean Mn/Ti also used to determine extent of post-depositional oxidation of Eastern Mediterranean
 sapropels (Thomson et al. 2006) sapropels (Thomson et al. 2006)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 Hepp et al. (2009); Land et al. (2011); Thomson et al. (2006) Hepp et al. (2009); Land et al. (2011); Thomson et al. (2006)
-Mn/Al + 
-Use: Mn/Al interpreted as recording changes in oxygenation with high Mn/Al suggesting+====Mn/Al==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Mn/Al interpreted as recording changes in oxygenation with high Mn/Al suggesting
 periodic oxygenation (Spofforth et al. 2008). Jaccard et al. (2009) used Mn/Al to map modern periodic oxygenation (Spofforth et al. 2008). Jaccard et al. (2009) used Mn/Al to map modern
 redoxcline and redox transitions in Quaternary cores from ODP Site 882 (subarctic NW redoxcline and redox transitions in Quaternary cores from ODP Site 882 (subarctic NW
 Pacific) Pacific)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 Jaccard et al. (2009); Spofforth et al. (2008) Jaccard et al. (2009); Spofforth et al. (2008)
-Table 2.6 (continued) + 
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 77 +====Potassium (K)==== 
-Potassium (K) +===Origin=== 
-Origin: K generally associated with terrestrial siliciclastics, e.g. illite clays (potassium mica)+K generally associated with terrestrial siliciclastics, e.g. illite clays (potassium mica)
 and potassium feldspar (microcline, orthoclase, sanidine). Illite is K's main mineralogical carrier and potassium feldspar (microcline, orthoclase, sanidine). Illite is K's main mineralogical carrier
 and in fine-grained sediments, high K suggests a high illitic component and in fine-grained sediments, high K suggests a high illitic component
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 inferences on hinterland humidity/aridity and climatic modulation (e.g. Holzwarth et al. 2010; inferences on hinterland humidity/aridity and climatic modulation (e.g. Holzwarth et al. 2010;
 Kuhlmann et al. 2004b; Romero et al. 2008) Kuhlmann et al. 2004b; Romero et al. 2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
 Holzwarth et al. (2010); Kuhlmann et al. (2004b); Romero et al. (2008) Holzwarth et al. (2010); Kuhlmann et al. (2004b); Romero et al. (2008)
-K/Ti + 
-Use: K/Ti has been used to emphasize provenance differences of detrital material (Diekmann+====K/Ti==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +K/Ti has been used to emphasize provenance differences of detrital material (Diekmann
 et al. 2008; Richter et al. 2006), with the proxy being useful with sediment supplied largely et al. 2008; Richter et al. 2006), with the proxy being useful with sediment supplied largely
 by weathering of schists and slates. Diekmann, et al. (2008) found K/Ti variations recorded by weathering of schists and slates. Diekmann, et al. (2008) found K/Ti variations recorded
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 repetitive shifts in composition of terrigenous fraction. K and Ti were linked to acidic and repetitive shifts in composition of terrigenous fraction. K and Ti were linked to acidic and
 basaltic sources respectively basaltic sources respectively
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Diekmann et al. (2008) Diekmann et al. (2008)
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 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Piva et al. (2008); Richter et al. (2006) Piva et al. (2008); Richter et al. (2006)
-Table 2.6 (continued) + 
-78 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace +====K/Ca==== 
-Table 2.6 (continued) +===Use=== 
-K/Ca +K/Ca used by McGregor et al. (2009) in cores from offshore S Morocco to demonstrate
-Use: K/Ca used by McGregor et al. (2009) in cores from offshore S Morocco to demonstrate+
 dramatic increase in terrigeneous sedimentation rate coincident with arrival of Islam around dramatic increase in terrigeneous sedimentation rate coincident with arrival of Islam around
 650-850 A.D., probably related to population increase, expanded pastoralism, deforestation 650-850 A.D., probably related to population increase, expanded pastoralism, deforestation
 and agriculture and agriculture
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Anthropogenic changes • Anthropogenic changes
 McGregor et al. (2009) McGregor et al. (2009)
-K/Rb + 
-Use: Rothwell et al. (2006) record K/Rb enhanced in turbidite muds, presumably due to high+====K/Rb==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Rothwell et al. (2006) record K/Rb enhanced in turbidite muds, presumably due to high
 illite. However, Croudace et al. (2006) regards K/Rb as potentially unreliable parameter as illite. However, Croudace et al. (2006) regards K/Rb as potentially unreliable parameter as
 seawater Cl absorbs K X-rays, hence high K may reflect increased porosity seawater Cl absorbs K X-rays, hence high K may reflect increased porosity
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Clay content • Clay content
 Rothwell et al. (2006) Rothwell et al. (2006)
-K/Al + 
-Use: K/Al used as a measure of mobile versus immobile elements by Clift et al. (2008) in a+====K/Al==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +K/Al used as a measure of mobile versus immobile elements by Clift et al. (2008) in a
 study investigating Monsoon inception. Most precipitation in India and China caused by seasonal study investigating Monsoon inception. Most precipitation in India and China caused by seasonal
 storms of S and E Asian monsoons, which thus control runoff. K/Al and other weathering storms of S and E Asian monsoons, which thus control runoff. K/Al and other weathering
Ligne 732: Ligne 800:
 hence variation in hinterland rainfall where illite is abundant in continental soils, e.g. South hence variation in hinterland rainfall where illite is abundant in continental soils, e.g. South
 Africa (Dickson et al. 2010) Africa (Dickson et al. 2010)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 • Weathering intensity • Weathering intensity
 Clift et al. (2008); Dickson et al. (2010) Clift et al. (2008); Dickson et al. (2010)
-Zinc (Zn) + 
-Origin: Zn has low abundance in marine environment with concentrations typically < 150 ppm+====Zinc (Zn)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Zn has low abundance in marine environment with concentrations typically < 150 ppm
 in argillaceous sediments. Zn enrichment, particularly in coastal sediments, normally points in argillaceous sediments. Zn enrichment, particularly in coastal sediments, normally points
 to anthropogenic sources, or extremely high terrigenous supply. Marginal environments such to anthropogenic sources, or extremely high terrigenous supply. Marginal environments such
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 rates and tendency to act as natural sediment traps, providing potential for high-resolution rates and tendency to act as natural sediment traps, providing potential for high-resolution
 anthropogenic impact studies anthropogenic impact studies
-Use: Zn has been used to record anthropogenic pollution and identify different sediment+===Use=== 
 +Zn has been used to record anthropogenic pollution and identify different sediment
 sources (Hebbeln et al. 2003). Cage and Austin (2010) used Zn to test a decadal-scale reconstruction sources (Hebbeln et al. 2003). Cage and Austin (2010) used Zn to test a decadal-scale reconstruction
 of UK coastal temperature anomalies over last millennium based on long core from of UK coastal temperature anomalies over last millennium based on long core from
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 reported increase in anthropogenic zinc attributed to atmospheric deposition from around 1850 reported increase in anthropogenic zinc attributed to atmospheric deposition from around 1850
 A.D. in Scottish lake sediments from early industrial sources (e.g. Kreiser et al. 1990) A.D. in Scottish lake sediments from early industrial sources (e.g. Kreiser et al. 1990)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Anthropogenic pollution • Anthropogenic pollution
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
Ligne 755: Ligne 826:
 • Chronology construction • Chronology construction
 Cage and Austin (2010) Cage and Austin (2010)
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 79 + 
-Table 2.6 (continued) +====Barium (Ba)==== 
-Barium (Ba) +===Origin=== 
-Origin: Ba is important proxy for export paleoproductivity and may be useful for core-to-core+Ba is important proxy for export paleoproductivity and may be useful for core-to-core
 correlation where Ba signal-to-noise ratio is high. Its relationship to productivity is wellestablished. correlation where Ba signal-to-noise ratio is high. Its relationship to productivity is wellestablished.
 Relatively high concentrations of tiny Ba-rich particles (< 2 μm in diameter) occur Relatively high concentrations of tiny Ba-rich particles (< 2 μm in diameter) occur
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 isotopes, probably derived from relic sedimentary barite from discontinued practice of oil-field isotopes, probably derived from relic sedimentary barite from discontinued practice of oil-field
 brine discharge brine discharge
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Export productivity • Export productivity
 Jaccard et al. (2009); Ziegler et al. (2009) Jaccard et al. (2009); Ziegler et al. (2009)
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 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 Dickens et al. (2003); Westerhold et al. (2009) Dickens et al. (2003); Westerhold et al. (2009)
-80 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace 
 • Radium isotopes • Radium isotopes
 Breier et al. (2010) Breier et al. (2010)
-Ba/Ca + 
-Use: Grove et al. (2010) used Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca as a proxy for aragonite in onshore massive+====Ba/Ca==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Grove et al. (2010) used Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca as a proxy for aragonite in onshore massive
 corals on Madagascar, relating this to spectral luminescence resulting from incorporation of corals on Madagascar, relating this to spectral luminescence resulting from incorporation of
 soil-derived humic acids transported to reef during major flood events. These data were used to soil-derived humic acids transported to reef during major flood events. These data were used to
 derive a proxy for runoff and hence hinterland rainfall derive a proxy for runoff and hence hinterland rainfall
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Proxy for aragonite • Proxy for aragonite
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 Grove et al. (2010) Grove et al. (2010)
-Ba/Al + 
-Use: Ba/Al used to determine export productivity, particularly in Pacific Ocean (e.g. Jaccard+====Ba/Al==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ba/Al used to determine export productivity, particularly in Pacific Ocean (e.g. Jaccard
 et al. 2005, 2010) and around Antarctica (Hillenbrand et al. 2009). Productivity often strongly et al. 2005, 2010) and around Antarctica (Hillenbrand et al. 2009). Productivity often strongly
 modulated by climate. Jaccard et al. (2005) interpreted low biogenic Ba at glacial maxima at modulated by climate. Jaccard et al. (2005) interpreted low biogenic Ba at glacial maxima at
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 from polar stratification during cold periods. Ba/Al used to construct age model for ODP Site from polar stratification during cold periods. Ba/Al used to construct age model for ODP Site
 882 (E of Kamchatka, NW Pacific) (Galbraith et al. 2008) 882 (E of Kamchatka, NW Pacific) (Galbraith et al. 2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Export productivity • Export productivity
 Hillenbrand et al. (2009); Jaccard et al. (2005, 2010) Hillenbrand et al. (2009); Jaccard et al. (2005, 2010)
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 • Chronology construction • Chronology construction
 Galbraith et al. (2008) Galbraith et al. (2008)
-Ba/Ti + 
-Use: Ba/Ti used as proxy for palaeoproductivity in sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean+====Ba/Ti==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Ba/Ti used as proxy for palaeoproductivity in sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean
 (Thomson et al. 2006). Proxy especially useful in showing true sapropel thickness prior (Thomson et al. 2006). Proxy especially useful in showing true sapropel thickness prior
 to bottom-water oxidation to bottom-water oxidation
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Export productivity • Export productivity
 Thomson et al. (2006) Thomson et al. (2006)
-Copper (Cu) + 
-Origin: Cu has low abundance in ocean sediments and little environmental significance.+====Copper (Cu)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Cu has low abundance in ocean sediments and little environmental significance.
 Elevated concentrations of hydrothermal origin recorded in crusts on the Mid Pacific Rise Elevated concentrations of hydrothermal origin recorded in crusts on the Mid Pacific Rise
 (Baturin et al. 1987) and Red Sea median valley sediments (Blossom 2006). Cu is redox-sensitive. (Baturin et al. 1987) and Red Sea median valley sediments (Blossom 2006). Cu is redox-sensitive.
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 sediments than in marine deposits, hence Cu typically has higher concentrations in freshwater sediments than in marine deposits, hence Cu typically has higher concentrations in freshwater
 sediments (Sparrenbom et al. 2006) sediments (Sparrenbom et al. 2006)
-Cu/Rb + 
-Use: Cu/Rb used to record diagenetic mobilisation of copper (Rothwell et al. 2006) +====Cu/Rb==== 
-Applications and literature+===Use=== 
 +Cu/Rb used to record diagenetic mobilisation of copper (Rothwell et al. 2006) 
 +===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 Rothwell et al. (2006) Rothwell et al. (2006)
-Table 2.6 (continued) + 
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 81 + 
-Cu/Ti +====Cu/Ti==== 
-Use: Thomson et al. (2006) found Cu/Ti a useful marker of post-depositional oxidation in+===Use=== 
 +Thomson et al. (2006) found Cu/Ti a useful marker of post-depositional oxidation in
 sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 Thomson et al. (2006) Thomson et al. (2006)
-Arsenic (As) + 
-Origin: As is strongly incorporated into pyrite, substituting for S (Peterson and Carpenter+====Arsenic (As)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +As is strongly incorporated into pyrite, substituting for S (Peterson and Carpenter
 1986; Huerta-Diaz and Morse 1992). As has low concentration in detrital minerals and is 1986; Huerta-Diaz and Morse 1992). As has low concentration in detrital minerals and is
 generally close to the limit of detection in absence of pyrite. Its relative environmental rarity generally close to the limit of detection in absence of pyrite. Its relative environmental rarity
 compared to ubiquitous Fe and efficient excitation using Mo tube makes As an efficient proxy compared to ubiquitous Fe and efficient excitation using Mo tube makes As an efficient proxy
 for pyrite for pyrite
-Use: As used as proxy for pyrite authigenesis in sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean+===Use===As used as proxy for pyrite authigenesis in sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean
 by Thomson et al. (2006) by Thomson et al. (2006)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Pyrite authigenesis • Pyrite authigenesis
 Thomson et al. (2006) Thomson et al. (2006)
-Sulphur (S) + 
-Origin: S is closely linked to organic matter with S residing in biomass of marine plants and+====Sulphur (S)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +S is closely linked to organic matter with S residing in biomass of marine plants and
 mineralised S in their dead remains. Within sediments organic S may be oxidised to sulphate mineralised S in their dead remains. Within sediments organic S may be oxidised to sulphate
 and returned to seawater, or buried as organic S, sulphate or sulphide, through bacterial and returned to seawater, or buried as organic S, sulphate or sulphide, through bacterial
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 organic-rich laminated mud sequences (organic S) and hence serve as proxy for oxygen depletion organic-rich laminated mud sequences (organic S) and hence serve as proxy for oxygen depletion
 in bottom water (Harff et al. 2011) in bottom water (Harff et al. 2011)
-Use: High S contents, together with other suboxic indicators (e.g. increased pyritization, high+===Use=== 
 +High S contents, together with other suboxic indicators (e.g. increased pyritization, high
 Fe/S ratios, elevated trace element/Al ratios) indicate reducing conditions.For example, Sluijs Fe/S ratios, elevated trace element/Al ratios) indicate reducing conditions.For example, Sluijs
 et al. (2008) used S abundance in sediments from Upper Paleocene and Lower Early Eocene at et al. (2008) used S abundance in sediments from Upper Paleocene and Lower Early Eocene at
 IODP Site M0004 (Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean) to identify reducing suboxic conditions IODP Site M0004 (Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean) to identify reducing suboxic conditions
 during Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum during Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Redox conditions • Redox conditions
 Sluijs et al. (2008) Sluijs et al. (2008)
-S/Cl + 
-Use: Thomson et al. (2006) used S/Cl in sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean to+====S/Cl==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Thomson et al. (2006) used S/Cl in sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean to
 detect enhanced S associated with pyrite or organic carbon (Passier et al. 1999) in excess of detect enhanced S associated with pyrite or organic carbon (Passier et al. 1999) in excess of
 constant S/Cl sea-salt ratio constant S/Cl sea-salt ratio
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Pyrite authigenesis • Pyrite authigenesis
 • High organic carbon • High organic carbon
 Thomson et al. (2006) Thomson et al. (2006)
 Rubidium (Rb) Rubidium (Rb)
-Origin: Isomorphic Rb is a dispersed element in nature and widely distributed in rock-forming+ 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Isomorphic Rb is a dispersed element in nature and widely distributed in rock-forming
 minerals, but seldom forms distinct mineral species. As Rb and K have similar particle radii, minerals, but seldom forms distinct mineral species. As Rb and K have similar particle radii,
 potential and other properties, Rb mainly occurs dispersed in minerals containing K, such potential and other properties, Rb mainly occurs dispersed in minerals containing K, such
 as biotite, muscovite, feldspar and illite. During weathering, Rb is enriched in detrital clay as biotite, muscovite, feldspar and illite. During weathering, Rb is enriched in detrital clay
 minerals minerals
-Table 2.6 (continued) +===Use===In absence of precise Al data, Rb may be effective for normalisation (Rothwell et al.
-82 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace +
-Use: In absence of precise Al data, Rb may be effective for normalisation (Rothwell et al.+
 2006) 2006)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Data normalisation • Data normalisation
 Rothwell et al. (2006) Rothwell et al. (2006)
-Bromine (Br) + 
-Origin: Br does not occur naturally but occurs as bromide compounds in diffuse amounts in+====Bromine (Br)==== 
 +===Origin=== 
 +Br does not occur naturally but occurs as bromide compounds in diffuse amounts in
 crustal rocks. Leaching results in seawater having a bromide salt content of 65 ppm (Tallmadge crustal rocks. Leaching results in seawater having a bromide salt content of 65 ppm (Tallmadge
 et al. 1964). Marine organisms in particular synthesize a variety of low molecular weight et al. 1964). Marine organisms in particular synthesize a variety of low molecular weight
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 Hence, bromine is concentrated in organic matter, showing marked enrichment in organic-rich Hence, bromine is concentrated in organic matter, showing marked enrichment in organic-rich
 layers, such as sapropels layers, such as sapropels
-Use: Br is widely used to quantify marine organic matter and related productivity (e.g. Caley+===Use=== 
 +Br is widely used to quantify marine organic matter and related productivity (e.g. Caley
 et al. 2011; Ren et al. 2009; Ziegler et al. 2008, 2009). Terrestrial organic matter is comparatively et al. 2011; Ren et al. 2009; Ziegler et al. 2008, 2009). Terrestrial organic matter is comparatively
 poor in Br, making it a good discriminant of marine and freshwater conditions (Malcolm poor in Br, making it a good discriminant of marine and freshwater conditions (Malcolm
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 during sea-level changes. The analysis allowed tracking of global sealevel as it breached during sea-level changes. The analysis allowed tracking of global sealevel as it breached
 the Bosphorus and Dardanelles sills the Bosphorus and Dardanelles sills
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Marine organic matter • Marine organic matter
 • Productivity • Productivity
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 • Sealevel changes • Sealevel changes
 McHugh et al. (2008) McHugh et al. (2008)
-Br/Cl + 
-Use: Thomson et al. (2006) used Br/Cl as proxy for increased organic matter and higher porosity+====Br/Cl==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Thomson et al. (2006) used Br/Cl as proxy for increased organic matter and higher porosity
 in sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean in sapropel-bearing cores from E Mediterranean
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Marine organic matter • Marine organic matter
 • Porosity changes • Porosity changes
 Thomson et al. (2006) Thomson et al. (2006)
-Br/Ti + 
-Use: Agnihotri et al. (2008) used Br/Ti as organic productivity indicator in core from Peru+====Br/Ti==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Agnihotri et al. (2008) used Br/Ti as organic productivity indicator in core from Peru
 margin margin
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Organic productivity • Organic productivity
 Agnihotri et al. (2008) Agnihotri et al. (2008)
-Table 2.6 (continued) 
- 
  
xrf/start.1520006779.txt.gz · Dernière modification : de zaragosi