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 +Source : Croudace, I.W., Rothwell, R.G. (Eds.), 2015. Micro-XRF Studies of Sediment Cores, Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.
 +
 +
 ====Calcium (Ca)==== ====Calcium (Ca)====
 ===Origin=== ===Origin===
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 van et al. (2007); Rebolledo et al. (2008) van et al. (2007); Rebolledo et al. (2008)
 • Carbonate dissolution and dilution • Carbonate dissolution and dilution
-64 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace 
 • Bottom-water corrosiveness/alkalinity • Bottom-water corrosiveness/alkalinity
 • Oceanic water mass changes • Oceanic water mass changes
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 ===Use=== ===Use===
 Ca/Ca+Fe used by Eisele et al. (2008) to characterise three cores from cold-water coralcovered Ca/Ca+Fe used by Eisele et al. (2008) to characterise three cores from cold-water coralcovered
-mound (Galway mound), Porcupine Seabight, SW of Ireland. Ca and Fe amounted to +mound (Galway mound), Porcupine Seabight, SW of Ireland. Ca and Fe amounted to > 90% of all XRF counts, so Ca/Ca+Fe useful benchmark for Ca and Fe. Ca/Ca+Fe showed
-> 90% of all XRF counts, so Ca/Ca+Fe useful benchmark for Ca and Fe. Ca/Ca+Fe showed+
 very similar patterns in all three cores allowing correlation and lithostratigraphic subdivision very similar patterns in all three cores allowing correlation and lithostratigraphic subdivision
 ===Applications and literature=== ===Applications and literature===
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 • Detection of inorganic aragonitic crusts • Detection of inorganic aragonitic crusts
 Arz et al. (2001b, 2003) Arz et al. (2001b, 2003)
- 
  
 ====Sr/Ca==== ====Sr/Ca====
-Use: Sr/Ca has been used as proxy for aragonite, e.g. in onshore massive corals in Madagascar+===Use=== 
 +Sr/Ca has been used as proxy for aragonite, e.g. in onshore massive corals in Madagascar
 (Grove et al. 2010).Thomson et al. (2006) used Sr/Ca as proxy for aragonite formed due (Grove et al. 2010).Thomson et al. (2006) used Sr/Ca as proxy for aragonite formed due
 to alkalinity from sulphate reduction within sapropels in E Mediterranean cores. Higher Sr/ to alkalinity from sulphate reduction within sapropels in E Mediterranean cores. Higher Sr/
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 may be texturally-related artefact considering reports that pteropod shells in E Mediterranean may be texturally-related artefact considering reports that pteropod shells in E Mediterranean
 are low-Sr aragonite (Krinsley and Bieri 1959; Kinsman 1969; Rutten et al. 2000) are low-Sr aragonite (Krinsley and Bieri 1959; Kinsman 1969; Rutten et al. 2000)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Proxy for aragonite • Proxy for aragonite
 Grove et al. (2010); Thomson et al. (2006) Grove et al. (2010); Thomson et al. (2006)
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 ====Iron (Fe)==== ====Iron (Fe)====
-Origin: Fe is the most common element (by mass) on Earth, forming much of outer and inner+===Origin=== 
 +Fe is the most common element (by mass) on Earth, forming much of outer and inner
 core and fourth most abundant element in the crust, after O, Si and Al. Most Fe in the crust core and fourth most abundant element in the crust, after O, Si and Al. Most Fe in the crust
 is combined with O as Fe oxide minerals like haematite and magnetite. In marine sediments, is combined with O as Fe oxide minerals like haematite and magnetite. In marine sediments,
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 density. Fe (and Ti) can thus be used as negative indices of surface productivity (e.g. Agnihotri density. Fe (and Ti) can thus be used as negative indices of surface productivity (e.g. Agnihotri
 et al. 2008) et al. 2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
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 ====Fe/Ca==== ====Fe/Ca====
-Use: Fe and Ca commonly anti-correlate and Fe/Ca quantifies relative proportions of terrigenous+===Use=== 
 +Fe and Ca commonly anti-correlate and Fe/Ca quantifies relative proportions of terrigenous
 fluxes versus marine carbonate, often related to climatic forcing (e.g. Adegbie et al. 2003; fluxes versus marine carbonate, often related to climatic forcing (e.g. Adegbie et al. 2003;
 Dickson et al. 2010; Rogerson et al. 2006a). Bond et al. (1993) and Bond and Lotti (1995) note Dickson et al. 2010; Rogerson et al. 2006a). Bond et al. (1993) and Bond and Lotti (1995) note
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 et al. 1993; Johnsen et al. 1992) implying direct climatic correspondence of N hemisphere low et al. 1993; Johnsen et al. 1992) implying direct climatic correspondence of N hemisphere low
 and high latitudes and high latitudes
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Climatic variability • Climatic variability
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 ====Fe/Si==== ====Fe/Si====
-Use: A rarely used ratio, but used as proxy for terrigenous influx in Neogene sediments from+===Use=== 
 +A rarely used ratio, but used as proxy for terrigenous influx in Neogene sediments from
 Ross Sea, Antarctica (Konfirst et al. 2011). Low Fe/Si suggested open marine setting dominated Ross Sea, Antarctica (Konfirst et al. 2011). Low Fe/Si suggested open marine setting dominated
 by deposition of diatoms. Transient peaks in Fe/Si correlated with volcanic sands and by deposition of diatoms. Transient peaks in Fe/Si correlated with volcanic sands and
 iron-rich carbonate layers containing authigenic pyrite iron-rich carbonate layers containing authigenic pyrite
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Terrigenous flux to siliceous pelagic sediments • Terrigenous flux to siliceous pelagic sediments
 Konfirst et al. (2011) Konfirst et al. (2011)
  
 ====Fe/Al==== ====Fe/Al====
-Use: Slightly elevated Fe/Al associated with low Si/Al and Ti/Al during PETM at IODP Site+===Use=== 
 +Slightly elevated Fe/Al associated with low Si/Al and Ti/Al during PETM at IODP Site
 M0004 (Lomonosov Ridge) interpreted as possibly indicating more intense weathering (Sluijs M0004 (Lomonosov Ridge) interpreted as possibly indicating more intense weathering (Sluijs
 et al. 2008). Elevated Fe/Al (with high S, TOC and framboidal pyrite) interpreted as indicating et al. 2008). Elevated Fe/Al (with high S, TOC and framboidal pyrite) interpreted as indicating
 anoxic bottom waters by Spofforth et al. (2008) anoxic bottom waters by Spofforth et al. (2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Weathering intensity • Weathering intensity
-68 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace 
-Table 2.6 (continued) 
 Sluijs et al. (2008) Sluijs et al. (2008)
 • Bottom-water anoxia • Bottom-water anoxia
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 ====Fe/K==== ====Fe/K====
-Use: Fe and K are both terrigenous indicators and Fe/K has been used in provenance and+===Use=== 
 +Fe and K are both terrigenous indicators and Fe/K has been used in provenance and
 climate studies (e.g. Kuijpers et al. 2003). Fe/K values in atmospheric Saharan dust samples climate studies (e.g. Kuijpers et al. 2003). Fe/K values in atmospheric Saharan dust samples
 increase towards the equator (Stuut et al. 2005). Hence increasing amounts of dust from deeply increase towards the equator (Stuut et al. 2005). Hence increasing amounts of dust from deeply
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 et al. 1984) sharp decrease of Fe/K values indicated abrupt onset of arid conditions (Zarriess et al. 1984) sharp decrease of Fe/K values indicated abrupt onset of arid conditions (Zarriess
 and Mackensen 2010). Fe/K thus considered indicative of continental rainfall and Mackensen 2010). Fe/K thus considered indicative of continental rainfall
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 • Climate variability • Climate variability
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 ====Fe/K==== ====Fe/K====
-Use: Fe/magnetic susceptibility (κ) is a sensitive proxy for magnetite diagenesis and Fe reduction+===Use=== 
 +Fe/magnetic susceptibility (κ) is a sensitive proxy for magnetite diagenesis and Fe reduction
 (Funk et al. 2004b; Hepp et al. 2009; Hofmann and Fabian 2007; Land et al. 2011). Fe (Funk et al. 2004b; Hepp et al. 2009; Hofmann and Fabian 2007; Land et al. 2011). Fe
 reduction may result in significant magnetic susceptibility signal loss, and zones of enhanced reduction may result in significant magnetic susceptibility signal loss, and zones of enhanced
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 in carbonate mounds (Land et al. 2011). Fe and κ have also been used to identify distinct environmentally in carbonate mounds (Land et al. 2011). Fe and κ have also been used to identify distinct environmentally
 significant clusters in cores (Itambi et al. 2009) significant clusters in cores (Itambi et al. 2009)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Iron diagenesis • Iron diagenesis
 Funk et al. (2004b); Hepp et al. (2009); Hofmann and Fabian (2007); Land et al. (2011) Funk et al. (2004b); Hepp et al. (2009); Hofmann and Fabian (2007); Land et al. (2011)
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 ====Fe/Ti==== ====Fe/Ti====
-Use: Fe/Ti is used as a proxy for diagenetic iron enrichment (Blanchet et al. 2009; Funk et al.+===Use=== 
 +Fe/Ti is used as a proxy for diagenetic iron enrichment (Blanchet et al. 2009; Funk et al.
 2004a; Hepp et al. 2009; Land et al. 2011) and for excess Fe over basaltic lithogenic values, 2004a; Hepp et al. 2009; Land et al. 2011) and for excess Fe over basaltic lithogenic values,
 with high values suggesting additional sources of Fe-rich material (Marsh et al. 2007). Log with high values suggesting additional sources of Fe-rich material (Marsh et al. 2007). Log
 ratios of Fe and Ti over Ca have been used to account for dilution by carbonate and non-linearities ratios of Fe and Ti over Ca have been used to account for dilution by carbonate and non-linearities
 between XRF counts and elemental concentrations (Rincón‐Martínez et al. 2010) between XRF counts and elemental concentrations (Rincón‐Martínez et al. 2010)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Iron diagenesis • Iron diagenesis
 Blanchet et al. (2007); Funk et al. (2004b); Hepp et al. (2009); Land et al. (2011) Blanchet et al. (2007); Funk et al. (2004b); Hepp et al. (2009); Land et al. (2011)
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 representing relative enrichment of Zr, occurred at times of aridity, with high values during representing relative enrichment of Zr, occurred at times of aridity, with high values during
 more humid conditions more humid conditions
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 Hanebuth and Lantzsch (2008) Hanebuth and Lantzsch (2008)
-Fe/Rb + 
-Use: Fe/Rb has been used for Fe normalisation in absence of good Al data (Rothwell et al.+====Fe/Rb==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Fe/Rb has been used for Fe normalisation in absence of good Al data (Rothwell et al.
 2006). Fe/Rb showed grain-size fractionation effects within turbidites and evidence for diagenetic 2006). Fe/Rb showed grain-size fractionation effects within turbidites and evidence for diagenetic
 Fe mobilisation within oxidised upper parts of turbidites. Increased Rb within turbidite Fe mobilisation within oxidised upper parts of turbidites. Increased Rb within turbidite
 muds reflected greater clay contribution to sediment muds reflected greater clay contribution to sediment
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Textural character • Textural character
 • Iron diagenesis • Iron diagenesis
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 ====Aluminium (Al)==== ====Aluminium (Al)====
-Origin: Al is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust and third most abundant element,+===Origin=== 
 +Al is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust and third most abundant element,
 after O and Si, but too reactive to be found pure, and is instead found as oxides and silicates. after O and Si, but too reactive to be found pure, and is instead found as oxides and silicates.
 Aluminosilicates are a major component of kaolin (one of the most common minerals), other Aluminosilicates are a major component of kaolin (one of the most common minerals), other
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 beryl, garnet, spinel, and turquoise. Weathering of low Fe and SiO2 bedrock in tropical beryl, garnet, spinel, and turquoise. Weathering of low Fe and SiO2 bedrock in tropical
 climates results in high-alumina clays climates results in high-alumina clays
-Use: Al and Fe have been used as fluvial proxies (Nizou et al. 2011). In this study, Al was+===Use=== 
 +Al and Fe have been used as fluvial proxies (Nizou et al. 2011). In this study, Al was
 preferred for palaeoclimatic analysis due to potential Fe mobility preferred for palaeoclimatic analysis due to potential Fe mobility
 Limitations: Al is routinely used for normalisation of WD-XRF data, but its closeness to core Limitations: Al is routinely used for normalisation of WD-XRF data, but its closeness to core
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 Diatoms actively uptake and accumulate Al, so it cannot be used to normalise Ti in diatomaceous Diatoms actively uptake and accumulate Al, so it cannot be used to normalise Ti in diatomaceous
 sediments (Bennekom et al. 1989; Moran and Moore 1992) sediments (Bennekom et al. 1989; Moran and Moore 1992)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment transport • Sediment transport
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
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 ====Al/Si==== ====Al/Si====
-Use: Al/Si has been used as a proxy for chemical weathering and as a measure of relative+===Use=== 
 +Al/Si has been used as a proxy for chemical weathering and as a measure of relative
 proportion of clays compared to quartz sand (Hoang et al. 2010). Clays are rich in Al and proportion of clays compared to quartz sand (Hoang et al. 2010). Clays are rich in Al and
 this proxy has the advantage of not being affected by large amounts of biogenic carbonate. this proxy has the advantage of not being affected by large amounts of biogenic carbonate.
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 ====Al/Ca==== ====Al/Ca====
-Use: Al/Ca used to record terrigenous flux off NW Africa (Nizou et al. 2010, 2011) with low+===Use=== 
 +Al/Ca used to record terrigenous flux off NW Africa (Nizou et al. 2010, 2011) with low
 Al/Ca values interpreted as low river discharge indicating hinterland aridity and high Al/ Al/Ca values interpreted as low river discharge indicating hinterland aridity and high Al/
 Ca values reflecting humid hinterland phases, use supported by palynological records. To Ca values reflecting humid hinterland phases, use supported by palynological records. To
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 Al/Ca. When both Al/Ca and Fe/Ca are available, authors conclude Al/Ca is more suitable for Al/Ca. When both Al/Ca and Fe/Ca are available, authors conclude Al/Ca is more suitable for
 recording river runoff as Al is non-mobile recording river runoff as Al is non-mobile
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
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 ====Silicon (Si)==== ====Silicon (Si)====
-Origin: Measured by mass, Si makes up 27.7 % of Earth’s crust and is the second most abundant+===Origin=== 
 +Measured by mass, Si makes up 27.7 % of Earth’s crust and is the second most abundant
 element, only O having greater abundance. Si is usually found as complex silicate minerals element, only O having greater abundance. Si is usually found as complex silicate minerals
 and less often as quartz (SiO2) a major component of sand and silt derived through physical and less often as quartz (SiO2) a major component of sand and silt derived through physical
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 some scolecodonts (polychaete worm jaws) and sponge spicules. Normalisation using a some scolecodonts (polychaete worm jaws) and sponge spicules. Normalisation using a
 detrital divisor can distinguish terrigenous or productivity origin detrital divisor can distinguish terrigenous or productivity origin
-Use: Like Fe and Ti, Si used as a proxy for terrigenous sediment delivery (Blanchet et al.+===Use=== 
 +Like Fe and Ti, Si used as a proxy for terrigenous sediment delivery (Blanchet et al.
 2007; Kleiven et al. 2007) or in provenance studies, e.g. turbidite sources (Frenz et al. 2009). 2007; Kleiven et al. 2007) or in provenance studies, e.g. turbidite sources (Frenz et al. 2009).
 Si profile shape may give information on textural character of coarse-grained turbidites, e.g. Si profile shape may give information on textural character of coarse-grained turbidites, e.g.
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 ====Si/Ti==== ====Si/Ti====
-Use: Si/Ti used as a proxy for siliceous productivity (Agnihotri et al. 2008; Marsh et al. 2007) +===Use=== 
-Applications and literature+Si/Ti used as a proxy for siliceous productivity (Agnihotri et al. 2008; Marsh et al. 2007) 
 +===Applications and literature===
 • Siliceous productivity • Siliceous productivity
 Agnihotri et al. (2008); Marsh et al. (2007) Agnihotri et al. (2008); Marsh et al. (2007)
-Si/Ca + 
-Use: Si as a representative terrigenous element has been ratioed with Ca to record aeolian dust+====Si/Ca==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Si as a representative terrigenous element has been ratioed with Ca to record aeolian dust
 supply (Hanebuth and Henrich 2009) supply (Hanebuth and Henrich 2009)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 Hanebuth and Henrich (2009) Hanebuth and Henrich (2009)
  
 ====Si/Sr==== ====Si/Sr====
-Use: Si/Sr used to identify layers poor in biogenic carbonate and relatively rich in detrital silicates+===Use=== 
 +Si/Sr used to identify layers poor in biogenic carbonate and relatively rich in detrital silicates
 (quartz, feldspar etc.), such as ice-rafted debris layers (Hodell et al. 2008). In this study, (quartz, feldspar etc.), such as ice-rafted debris layers (Hodell et al. 2008). In this study,
 Si/Sr peaks correlated with lows in bulk carbonate ∂18O, probably representing lower biogenic Si/Sr peaks correlated with lows in bulk carbonate ∂18O, probably representing lower biogenic
 carbonate productivity and/or increased delivery of IRD rich in silicate minerals carbonate productivity and/or increased delivery of IRD rich in silicate minerals
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Detection of ice-rafted-debris • Detection of ice-rafted-debris
 • Oceanic productivity • Oceanic productivity
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 ====Si/Al==== ====Si/Al====
-Use: Si/Al used as proxy for wind strength (Itambi et al. 2009; Revel et al. 2010) with high+===Use=== 
 +Si/Al used as proxy for wind strength (Itambi et al. 2009; Revel et al. 2010) with high
 values indicating high aeolian flux, and as a proxy for biogenic production (Dickson et al. values indicating high aeolian flux, and as a proxy for biogenic production (Dickson et al.
 2010). In one study used to infer weathering intensity (Sluijs et al. 2008). Si/Al considered a 2010). In one study used to infer weathering intensity (Sluijs et al. 2008). Si/Al considered a
 proxy for changes in aluminosilicate composition by Tisserand et al. (2009) proxy for changes in aluminosilicate composition by Tisserand et al. (2009)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 Itambi et al. (2009); Revel et al. (2010) Itambi et al. (2009); Revel et al. (2010)
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 Tisserand et al. (2009) Tisserand et al. (2009)
  
-====itanium (Ti)==== +====Titanium (Ti)==== 
-Origin: Ti is conservative element that generally varies directly with the coarse-grained terrigenous+===Origin=== 
 +Ti is conservative element that generally varies directly with the coarse-grained terrigenous
 fraction. A common constituent of rocks, such as gneisses or schists, it primarily fraction. A common constituent of rocks, such as gneisses or schists, it primarily
 indicates a terrigenous continental source. Ti predominatly occurs as the sortable heavy mineral indicates a terrigenous continental source. Ti predominatly occurs as the sortable heavy mineral
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 as laterites and bauxites. Ti not affected by diagenetic overprinting or involved in biological as laterites and bauxites. Ti not affected by diagenetic overprinting or involved in biological
 processes and therefore represents allochthonous minerogenic input processes and therefore represents allochthonous minerogenic input
-72 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace +===Use=== 
-Table 2.6 (continued) +Ti is widely used to record terrigenous sediment delivery, particularly through runoff, and
-Use: Ti is widely used to record terrigenous sediment delivery, particularly through runoff, and+
 hence assess hinterland climate, particularly rainfall (e.g. Haug et al. 2001, 2003; Kissel et al. hence assess hinterland climate, particularly rainfall (e.g. Haug et al. 2001, 2003; Kissel et al.
 2010; Peterson et al. 2000 and others). It commonly co-varies with Fe, but is arguably a better 2010; Peterson et al. 2000 and others). It commonly co-varies with Fe, but is arguably a better
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 compaction and dilution by higher water content. Ti also likely to vary with grain size, as it is compaction and dilution by higher water content. Ti also likely to vary with grain size, as it is
 typically concentrated in coarser grain-sizes typically concentrated in coarser grain-sizes
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
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 ====Ti/Ca==== ====Ti/Ca====
-Use: Ti/Ca records relative variation of terrigenous input and marine carbonate (e.g. Bahr+===Use=== 
 +Ti/Ca records relative variation of terrigenous input and marine carbonate (e.g. Bahr
 et al. 2005, 2008; Hoang et al. 2010). It has been used to record changes from fluvial to marine et al. 2005, 2008; Hoang et al. 2010). It has been used to record changes from fluvial to marine
 deposits, for example, in incised-valley-fill sediments (Tjallingii et al. 2010). It has also been deposits, for example, in incised-valley-fill sediments (Tjallingii et al. 2010). It has also been
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 of regional chronologies (e.g. for the Black Sea, a sensitive recorder of past climate of regional chronologies (e.g. for the Black Sea, a sensitive recorder of past climate
 change) by tuning to climate reference records (Soulet et al. 2011) change) by tuning to climate reference records (Soulet et al. 2011)
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 73 +===Applications and literature===
-Table 2.6 (continued) +
-Applications and literature+
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Identification of freshwater/marine transitions • Identification of freshwater/marine transitions
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 ====Ti/Al==== ====Ti/Al====
-Use: Ti/Al used as proxy for aeolian dust flux/wind strength, hence hinterland aridity (Itambi+===Use=== 
 +Ti/Al used as proxy for aeolian dust flux/wind strength, hence hinterland aridity (Itambi
 et al. 2009; Jullien et al. 2007; Tisserand et al. 2009). Jiménez-Espejo et al. (2007a) used average et al. 2009; Jullien et al. 2007; Tisserand et al. 2009). Jiménez-Espejo et al. (2007a) used average
 concentration of Ti in Pleistocene cores from ODP Site 975 (Balearic Abyssal Plain, W concentration of Ti in Pleistocene cores from ODP Site 975 (Balearic Abyssal Plain, W
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 modulated (e.g. Ziegler et al. 2009). More intense weathering has also been inferred from modulated (e.g. Ziegler et al. 2009). More intense weathering has also been inferred from
 low Ti/Al values (Sluijs et al. 2008) low Ti/Al values (Sluijs et al. 2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
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 ====Ti/K==== ====Ti/K====
-Use: Ti/K mainly used to infer variations in sediment source (Siani et al. 2010; Spofforth et al.+===Use=== 
 +Ti/K mainly used to infer variations in sediment source (Siani et al. 2010; Spofforth et al.
 2008) and identify ice-rafted-debris (Prins et al. 2001). Ti/K also used for core correlation by 2008) and identify ice-rafted-debris (Prins et al. 2001). Ti/K also used for core correlation by
 Brendryen et al. (2010). In Nordic Seas, Ti/K shows a correlation with magnetic susceptibility Brendryen et al. (2010). In Nordic Seas, Ti/K shows a correlation with magnetic susceptibility
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 Iceland-Scotland Ridge by bottom currents dependant on inflow of Atlantic water to Nordic Iceland-Scotland Ridge by bottom currents dependant on inflow of Atlantic water to Nordic
 Seas Seas
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Siani et al. (2010); Spofforth et al. (2008) Siani et al. (2010); Spofforth et al. (2008)
-74 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace 
-Table 2.6 (continued) 
 • Detection of ice-rafted-debris • Detection of ice-rafted-debris
 Prins et al. (2001) Prins et al. (2001)
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 ====Ti/Fe==== ====Ti/Fe====
-Use: Ti/Fe used as proxy for wind strength/hinterland aridity (Zarriess and Mackensen 2010).+===Use=== 
 +Ti/Fe used as proxy for wind strength/hinterland aridity (Zarriess and Mackensen 2010).
 As an element of heavy minerals (e.g. rutile), Ti is transported dominantly in Saharan dust, As an element of heavy minerals (e.g. rutile), Ti is transported dominantly in Saharan dust,
 so its concentration reflects wind intensity off NW Africa (Schütz and Rahn 1982). Ti/Fe also so its concentration reflects wind intensity off NW Africa (Schütz and Rahn 1982). Ti/Fe also
 used as a provenance indicator to discriminate material from local volcanic sources (Konfirst used as a provenance indicator to discriminate material from local volcanic sources (Konfirst
 et al. 2011) et al. 2011)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength • Aeolian dust flux/wind strength
 • Hinterland climate • Hinterland climate
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 ====Ti/Rb==== ====Ti/Rb====
-Use: Ti/Rb used to show enhanced heavy resistate minerals in turbidite bases (Rothwell et al.+===Use=== 
 +Ti/Rb used to show enhanced heavy resistate minerals in turbidite bases (Rothwell et al.
 2006) 2006)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Presence of heavy minerals • Presence of heavy minerals
 Rothwell et al. (2006) Rothwell et al. (2006)
  
 ====Ti/Sr==== ====Ti/Sr====
-Use: Ti/Sr used to measure terrigenous versus biogenic sediment contribution and climatic+===Use=== 
 +Ti/Sr used to measure terrigenous versus biogenic sediment contribution and climatic
 modulation of supply (Zaragosi et al. 2006) modulation of supply (Zaragosi et al. 2006)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Climate variability • Climate variability
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 ====K/Ti==== ====K/Ti====
-Use: κ/Ti used as proxy for authigenesis in cores from summits of carbonate mounds in Rockall+===Use=== 
 +K/Ti used as proxy for authigenesis in cores from summits of carbonate mounds in Rockall
 Trough, NE Atlantic (Land et al. 2011). A zone of Fe and Mn enrichments showed low κ/Ti Trough, NE Atlantic (Land et al. 2011). A zone of Fe and Mn enrichments showed low κ/Ti
 and high Fe/κ, interpreted as resulting from dissolution of magnetic minerals and high Fe/κ, interpreted as resulting from dissolution of magnetic minerals
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Iron and manganese diagenesis • Iron and manganese diagenesis
 • Authigenesis • Authigenesis
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 ====Zirconium (Zr)==== ====Zirconium (Zr)====
-Origin: Zr mainly occurs in zircon (ZrSiO4), a dense resistant mineral, ubiquitous in the crust+===Origin=== 
 +Zr mainly occurs in zircon (ZrSiO4), a dense resistant mineral, ubiquitous in the crust
 and occurring in igneous rocks as primary crystallisation products and in sediments as detrital and occurring in igneous rocks as primary crystallisation products and in sediments as detrital
 grains. Zircons tend to maintain their original morphology during weathering and transport, grains. Zircons tend to maintain their original morphology during weathering and transport,
 and are usually enriched in coarse sediment fractions and are usually enriched in coarse sediment fractions
-2 Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments 75 +===Use=== 
-Table 2.6 (continued) +Zr may be high in ash layers. Ash layers with low Ti and high Zr composition point to an
-Use: Zr may be high in ash layers. Ash layers with low Ti and high Zr composition point to an+
 alkaline magma type (Westerhold et al. 2009) alkaline magma type (Westerhold et al. 2009)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Identification of tephras • Identification of tephras
 Westerhold et al. (2009) Westerhold et al. (2009)
  
 ====Zr/Ti==== ====Zr/Ti====
-Use: Marsh et al. (2007) found Zr/Ti in cores around Crozet Plateau, S Indian Ocean, was+===Use=== 
 +Marsh et al. (2007) found Zr/Ti in cores around Crozet Plateau, S Indian Ocean, was
 provenance sensitive with high values indicating input of volcanic material from Crozet Island provenance sensitive with high values indicating input of volcanic material from Crozet Island
 via sediment gravity flows via sediment gravity flows
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Marsh et al. (2007) Marsh et al. (2007)
  
 ====Zr/Rb==== ====Zr/Rb====
-Use: Zr/Rb provides a grain-size proxy as Zr resides mainly in coarser grains and Rb in clays.+===Use=== 
 +Zr/Rb provides a grain-size proxy as Zr resides mainly in coarser grains and Rb in clays.
 Has been used to reconstruct river flood histories, as floods carry greater coarse-grain sediment Has been used to reconstruct river flood histories, as floods carry greater coarse-grain sediment
 loads, hence Zr/Rb increases in flood events (e.g. Wang et al. 2011). The higher the Zr/Rb loads, hence Zr/Rb increases in flood events (e.g. Wang et al. 2011). The higher the Zr/Rb
 peaks, the greater number of coarse particles deposited by saltation processes. Zr/Rb has also peaks, the greater number of coarse particles deposited by saltation processes. Zr/Rb has also
 been used as a winter monsoon proxy (Liu et al. 2002) been used as a winter monsoon proxy (Liu et al. 2002)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 Liu et al. (2002); Wang et al. (2011) Liu et al. (2002); Wang et al. (2011)
  
 ====Zr/Sr==== ====Zr/Sr====
-Use: Hodell et al. (2010) used Zr/Sr as IRD proxy in core from Garder Drift, Reykjanes Ridge,+===Use=== 
 +Hodell et al. (2010) used Zr/Sr as IRD proxy in core from Garder Drift, Reykjanes Ridge,
 N Atlantic N Atlantic
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Detection of ice-rafted-debris • Detection of ice-rafted-debris
 Hodell et al. (2010) Hodell et al. (2010)
  
 ====Zr/Fe==== ====Zr/Fe====
-Use: Zr/Fe used to discriminate sediment supply from local volcanic sources (Konfirst et al.+===Use=== 
 +Zr/Fe used to discriminate sediment supply from local volcanic sources (Konfirst et al.
 2011) 2011)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Konfirst et al. (2011) Konfirst et al. (2011)
  
 ====Manganese (Mn)==== ====Manganese (Mn)====
-Origin: Mn makes up ~1000 ppm of the Earth’s crust, making it the 12th most abundant crustal+===Origin=== 
 +Mn makes up ~1000 ppm of the Earth’s crust, making it the 12th most abundant crustal
 element (Emsley 2001). Mn-bearing minerals not uncommon, occurring as oxides, silicates element (Emsley 2001). Mn-bearing minerals not uncommon, occurring as oxides, silicates
 and carbonates, with pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) the most common. Most and carbonates, with pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) the most common. Most
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 undergo substantial alteration during early diagenesis. Mn-rich crusts commonly cover rocky undergo substantial alteration during early diagenesis. Mn-rich crusts commonly cover rocky
 outcrops and Mn polymetallic nodules cover substantial areas of seafloor. Microscopic Mn outcrops and Mn polymetallic nodules cover substantial areas of seafloor. Microscopic Mn
-micronodules are widely distributed in marine sediments +===Use=== 
-76 R. G. Rothwell and I. W. Croudace +Highly redox-sensitive, Mn has been used in wide range of diagenetic and process
-Use: Highly redox-sensitive, Mn has been used in wide range of diagenetic and process+
 studies. Covariance with other redox-sensitive or detrital elements may indicate potential Mn studies. Covariance with other redox-sensitive or detrital elements may indicate potential Mn
 sources. Pervasive Mn enrichment occurs in central Arctic Ocean sediments during interglacials sources. Pervasive Mn enrichment occurs in central Arctic Ocean sediments during interglacials
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 sediments of Shaban Deep (Red Sea), previously linked to collapse of the Akkadian empire sediments of Shaban Deep (Red Sea), previously linked to collapse of the Akkadian empire
 (Weiss et al. 1993) (Weiss et al. 1993)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 • Climate variability • Climate variability
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 ====Mn/Fe==== ====Mn/Fe====
-Use: Mn/Fe used to assess redox conditions as Mn is mobile under sub-oxic conditions and+===Use=== 
 +Mn/Fe used to assess redox conditions as Mn is mobile under sub-oxic conditions and
 separates from Fe during diagenesis (Marsh et al. 2007). Constant Mn/Fe ratios indicate oxic separates from Fe during diagenesis (Marsh et al. 2007). Constant Mn/Fe ratios indicate oxic
 conditions and no element fractionation. Mn/Fe peaks occur during suboxic diagenesis when conditions and no element fractionation. Mn/Fe peaks occur during suboxic diagenesis when
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 boundary. Non-steady state diagenesis such as oxic burn-down through turbidites leads to Mn/ boundary. Non-steady state diagenesis such as oxic burn-down through turbidites leads to Mn/
 Fe peak formation (Thomson et al. 1993) Fe peak formation (Thomson et al. 1993)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 • Redox conditions • Redox conditions
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 ====Mn/Ti==== ====Mn/Ti====
-Use: Mn/Ti used to document diagenetic relocations and Mn enrichment (e.g. Land et al.+===Use=== 
 +Mn/Ti used to document diagenetic relocations and Mn enrichment (e.g. Land et al.
 2011). Mn/Ti (and Fe/κ) used by Hepp et al. (2009) to document late Miocene-early Pliocene 2011). Mn/Ti (and Fe/κ) used by Hepp et al. (2009) to document late Miocene-early Pliocene
 Antarctic deepwater record of repeated Fe reduction events, resulting in significant losses of Antarctic deepwater record of repeated Fe reduction events, resulting in significant losses of
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 Mn/Ti also used to determine extent of post-depositional oxidation of Eastern Mediterranean Mn/Ti also used to determine extent of post-depositional oxidation of Eastern Mediterranean
 sapropels (Thomson et al. 2006) sapropels (Thomson et al. 2006)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 Hepp et al. (2009); Land et al. (2011); Thomson et al. (2006) Hepp et al. (2009); Land et al. (2011); Thomson et al. (2006)
  
 ====Mn/Al==== ====Mn/Al====
-Use: Mn/Al interpreted as recording changes in oxygenation with high Mn/Al suggesting+===Use=== 
 +Mn/Al interpreted as recording changes in oxygenation with high Mn/Al suggesting
 periodic oxygenation (Spofforth et al. 2008). Jaccard et al. (2009) used Mn/Al to map modern periodic oxygenation (Spofforth et al. 2008). Jaccard et al. (2009) used Mn/Al to map modern
 redoxcline and redox transitions in Quaternary cores from ODP Site 882 (subarctic NW redoxcline and redox transitions in Quaternary cores from ODP Site 882 (subarctic NW
 Pacific) Pacific)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Diagenesis • Diagenesis
 Jaccard et al. (2009); Spofforth et al. (2008) Jaccard et al. (2009); Spofforth et al. (2008)
  
 ====Potassium (K)==== ====Potassium (K)====
-Origin: K generally associated with terrestrial siliciclastics, e.g. illite clays (potassium mica)+===Origin=== 
 +K generally associated with terrestrial siliciclastics, e.g. illite clays (potassium mica)
 and potassium feldspar (microcline, orthoclase, sanidine). Illite is K's main mineralogical carrier and potassium feldspar (microcline, orthoclase, sanidine). Illite is K's main mineralogical carrier
 and in fine-grained sediments, high K suggests a high illitic component and in fine-grained sediments, high K suggests a high illitic component
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 inferences on hinterland humidity/aridity and climatic modulation (e.g. Holzwarth et al. 2010; inferences on hinterland humidity/aridity and climatic modulation (e.g. Holzwarth et al. 2010;
 Kuhlmann et al. 2004b; Romero et al. 2008) Kuhlmann et al. 2004b; Romero et al. 2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
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 ====K/Ti==== ====K/Ti====
-Use: K/Ti has been used to emphasize provenance differences of detrital material (Diekmann+===Use=== 
 +K/Ti has been used to emphasize provenance differences of detrital material (Diekmann
 et al. 2008; Richter et al. 2006), with the proxy being useful with sediment supplied largely et al. 2008; Richter et al. 2006), with the proxy being useful with sediment supplied largely
 by weathering of schists and slates. Diekmann, et al. (2008) found K/Ti variations recorded by weathering of schists and slates. Diekmann, et al. (2008) found K/Ti variations recorded
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 repetitive shifts in composition of terrigenous fraction. K and Ti were linked to acidic and repetitive shifts in composition of terrigenous fraction. K and Ti were linked to acidic and
 basaltic sources respectively basaltic sources respectively
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
 Diekmann et al. (2008) Diekmann et al. (2008)
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 ====K/Ca==== ====K/Ca====
-Use: K/Ca used by McGregor et al. (2009) in cores from offshore S Morocco to demonstrate+===Use=== 
 +K/Ca used by McGregor et al. (2009) in cores from offshore S Morocco to demonstrate
 dramatic increase in terrigeneous sedimentation rate coincident with arrival of Islam around dramatic increase in terrigeneous sedimentation rate coincident with arrival of Islam around
 650-850 A.D., probably related to population increase, expanded pastoralism, deforestation 650-850 A.D., probably related to population increase, expanded pastoralism, deforestation
 and agriculture and agriculture
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery • Variation in terrigenous sediment delivery
 • Anthropogenic changes • Anthropogenic changes
 McGregor et al. (2009) McGregor et al. (2009)
-K/Rb + 
-Use: Rothwell et al. (2006) record K/Rb enhanced in turbidite muds, presumably due to high+====K/Rb==== 
 +===Use=== 
 +Rothwell et al. (2006) record K/Rb enhanced in turbidite muds, presumably due to high
 illite. However, Croudace et al. (2006) regards K/Rb as potentially unreliable parameter as illite. However, Croudace et al. (2006) regards K/Rb as potentially unreliable parameter as
 seawater Cl absorbs K X-rays, hence high K may reflect increased porosity seawater Cl absorbs K X-rays, hence high K may reflect increased porosity
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Clay content • Clay content
 Rothwell et al. (2006) Rothwell et al. (2006)
  
 ====K/Al==== ====K/Al====
-Use: K/Al used as a measure of mobile versus immobile elements by Clift et al. (2008) in a+===Use=== 
 +K/Al used as a measure of mobile versus immobile elements by Clift et al. (2008) in a
 study investigating Monsoon inception. Most precipitation in India and China caused by seasonal study investigating Monsoon inception. Most precipitation in India and China caused by seasonal
 storms of S and E Asian monsoons, which thus control runoff. K/Al and other weathering storms of S and E Asian monsoons, which thus control runoff. K/Al and other weathering
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 hence variation in hinterland rainfall where illite is abundant in continental soils, e.g. South hence variation in hinterland rainfall where illite is abundant in continental soils, e.g. South
 Africa (Dickson et al. 2010) Africa (Dickson et al. 2010)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
 • Weathering intensity • Weathering intensity
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 ====Zinc (Zn)==== ====Zinc (Zn)====
-Origin: Zn has low abundance in marine environment with concentrations typically < 150 ppm+===Origin=== 
 +Zn has low abundance in marine environment with concentrations typically < 150 ppm
 in argillaceous sediments. Zn enrichment, particularly in coastal sediments, normally points in argillaceous sediments. Zn enrichment, particularly in coastal sediments, normally points
 to anthropogenic sources, or extremely high terrigenous supply. Marginal environments such to anthropogenic sources, or extremely high terrigenous supply. Marginal environments such
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 rates and tendency to act as natural sediment traps, providing potential for high-resolution rates and tendency to act as natural sediment traps, providing potential for high-resolution
 anthropogenic impact studies anthropogenic impact studies
-Use: Zn has been used to record anthropogenic pollution and identify different sediment+===Use=== 
 +Zn has been used to record anthropogenic pollution and identify different sediment
 sources (Hebbeln et al. 2003). Cage and Austin (2010) used Zn to test a decadal-scale reconstruction sources (Hebbeln et al. 2003). Cage and Austin (2010) used Zn to test a decadal-scale reconstruction
 of UK coastal temperature anomalies over last millennium based on long core from of UK coastal temperature anomalies over last millennium based on long core from
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 reported increase in anthropogenic zinc attributed to atmospheric deposition from around 1850 reported increase in anthropogenic zinc attributed to atmospheric deposition from around 1850
 A.D. in Scottish lake sediments from early industrial sources (e.g. Kreiser et al. 1990) A.D. in Scottish lake sediments from early industrial sources (e.g. Kreiser et al. 1990)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Anthropogenic pollution • Anthropogenic pollution
 • Sediment provenance • Sediment provenance
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 ====Ba/Ca==== ====Ba/Ca====
-Use: Grove et al. (2010) used Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca as a proxy for aragonite in onshore massive+===Use=== 
 +Grove et al. (2010) used Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca as a proxy for aragonite in onshore massive
 corals on Madagascar, relating this to spectral luminescence resulting from incorporation of corals on Madagascar, relating this to spectral luminescence resulting from incorporation of
 soil-derived humic acids transported to reef during major flood events. These data were used to soil-derived humic acids transported to reef during major flood events. These data were used to
 derive a proxy for runoff and hence hinterland rainfall derive a proxy for runoff and hence hinterland rainfall
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Proxy for aragonite • Proxy for aragonite
 • Precipitation and runoff • Precipitation and runoff
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 ====Ba/Al==== ====Ba/Al====
-Use: Ba/Al used to determine export productivity, particularly in Pacific Ocean (e.g. Jaccard+===Use=== 
 +Ba/Al used to determine export productivity, particularly in Pacific Ocean (e.g. Jaccard
 et al. 2005, 2010) and around Antarctica (Hillenbrand et al. 2009). Productivity often strongly et al. 2005, 2010) and around Antarctica (Hillenbrand et al. 2009). Productivity often strongly
 modulated by climate. Jaccard et al. (2005) interpreted low biogenic Ba at glacial maxima at modulated by climate. Jaccard et al. (2005) interpreted low biogenic Ba at glacial maxima at
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 from polar stratification during cold periods. Ba/Al used to construct age model for ODP Site from polar stratification during cold periods. Ba/Al used to construct age model for ODP Site
 882 (E of Kamchatka, NW Pacific) (Galbraith et al. 2008) 882 (E of Kamchatka, NW Pacific) (Galbraith et al. 2008)
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Export productivity • Export productivity
 Hillenbrand et al. (2009); Jaccard et al. (2005, 2010) Hillenbrand et al. (2009); Jaccard et al. (2005, 2010)
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 (Thomson et al. 2006). Proxy especially useful in showing true sapropel thickness prior (Thomson et al. 2006). Proxy especially useful in showing true sapropel thickness prior
 to bottom-water oxidation to bottom-water oxidation
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Export productivity • Export productivity
 Thomson et al. (2006) Thomson et al. (2006)
  
 ====Copper (Cu)==== ====Copper (Cu)====
-Origin: Cu has low abundance in ocean sediments and little environmental significance.+===Origin=== 
 +Cu has low abundance in ocean sediments and little environmental significance.
 Elevated concentrations of hydrothermal origin recorded in crusts on the Mid Pacific Rise Elevated concentrations of hydrothermal origin recorded in crusts on the Mid Pacific Rise
 (Baturin et al. 1987) and Red Sea median valley sediments (Blossom 2006). Cu is redox-sensitive. (Baturin et al. 1987) and Red Sea median valley sediments (Blossom 2006). Cu is redox-sensitive.
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 IODP Site M0004 (Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean) to identify reducing suboxic conditions IODP Site M0004 (Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean) to identify reducing suboxic conditions
 during Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum during Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
-Applications and literature+===Applications and literature===
 • Redox conditions • Redox conditions
 Sluijs et al. (2008) Sluijs et al. (2008)
xrf/start.1520007559.txt.gz · Dernière modification : de zaragosi